presents an overview with information appropriately selected
presents and adequately highlights key features/ bullet points but details may be irrelevant, inappropriate or inaccurate
7.0
covers the requirements of the task
presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages
clearly presents and highlights key features/bullet points and/or word formation but could be more fully extended
7.0を獲得するにはTask achievementにおいて、次の3点をクリアする必要がある。
1. covers the requirements of the task
与えられたグラフ/表/地図/プロセスは何を表しているのかを特徴と比較が書かれていること。
covers the requirements of the taskの”requirement”とは問題文のことで、大体の問題文は”Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. “となっている。
3. clearly presents and highlights key features/bullet points and/or word formation but could be more fully extended
グラフ/表/地図/プロセスの特徴が明確に書かれていること。
Coherence and cohesion
6.0
arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression
uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical
may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
7.0
logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout
uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use
7.0を獲得するにはCoherence and cohesionにおいて、次の2点をクリアする必要がある。
1. logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout
論理的に情報がまとめられていること。
文章を読むだけでグラフ、表、地図、プロセスの内容を想像できること。
2. uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use
いろいろな接続詞、文と文をつなぐ語句が適切に使われていること。
Signposting words (文の先頭にあるその文と前の文との関係を示す語句)を適切に使うこと。何を比較しているのか、どのような特徴を言いたいのかを明確にさせる。
Signposting wordsの使い方
Steelの製造量：
1月：4000 tonから始まり
2月：1000 ton増加（5000 ton）
3月：4000 tonに戻る
3月から7月：4000 tonを保つ
8月：3000 tonちょっとまで下がる
9月：5000 tonにまで増加
9月から12月：1000 tonにまでだんだんと下がる
* tonnes: British English, tons: American English
Signposting wordがない文 ＝ 単調にいつどうなったかが書かれているだけの文
The amount of steel manufactured started from 4000 tonnes in January. It increased by 1000 tonnes in February and reverted back to 4000 tonnes in March. The amount levelled off between March and July at the 4000 mark. In August, this figure dropped to just above 3000 tonnes. It surged to nearly 5000 tonnes in September. From September to December, it continuously declined to just under 1000 tonnes in December.
The line graph illustrates the amount of steel manufactured every month during a year with starting from 4000 tonnes in January. After that, the figure increased by 1000 tonnes in the next month before reverting back to 4000 tonnes in March. Subsequently, the amount levelled off at the 4000 mark until July. Furthermore, in the following month, there was a drop to just above 3000 tonnes. Although it surged to nearly 5000 tonnes in September, the quantity continuously declined from October to December to just under 1000 tonnes, which is less than a quarter of the figure in January.
絶対覚えておくべきSignposting words
—について述べる(about—よりフォーマル)
With respect to …/ In terms of … / With regards to …/ As for …/ Concerning…
情報を追加する
Furthermore, … / Moreover, …
同じようなポイントを述べる
Similarly, … / Likewise, … / Also, …
比較する
By contrast, … / Unlike …/ Conversely, …
—ではあるけれども/—だとしても
Although … / Even though … / However, …/ Nevertheless, …/Despite, …
結果を述べる
Therefore, … / Subsequently, … / As a result (of), …/ As a consequence (of), …
続いての状態を述べる
After that, … / …, after then …
複数のグラフ・表が問題に与えられたときは、ボディ1：”According to—” / ボディ２：”Turning to —-“のSignposting wordsでスタートさせて、それぞれのパラグラフがどのグラフについて書かれているかを明確にする。
ボディ１：According to the pie chart, water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share of the total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively.
—-(続)その他Pie chartから言えること
ボディ２：Turning to the bar chart, the main purpose of water consumption in residences was for bathrooms and gardens at approximately 28% each, meaning that the majority of water was used for these two purposes.
—-(続)その他bar chartから言えること
Lexical resource
6.0
uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task
attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy
makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication
7.0
uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision
uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation
may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation
7.0を獲得するにはLexical resourceにおいて、次の3点をクリアする必要がある。
1. uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision
The number of burglaries started in first place out of the three kinds of crimes, standing at just below 3500 in 2003, before slightly increasing to nearly 3800 in 2004. After that, the number of burglaries continuously decreased to approximately 1200 in 2008. Subsequently, after it showed an increasing trend to just below 1500in 2009, the figure levelled off at 1500 until 2012.
パラフレイズのある文
The number of burglaries started in first place out of the three kinds of crimes, standing at just below 3500 in 2003, before slightly increasing to nearly 3800 in 2004. After that, the figure continuously dropped to approximately 1200 in 2008. Subsequently, after it showed an upward trend to just below 1500in the next year, the figure plateaued at the same level until the end of the period.
The number of emigrants that Australia accepted in 2004 and 2005 was around 40,000 in each year. The figure surged to just above 50,000 in 2006 and dropped to approximately 43,000 the next year. The number of emigrants entering Spain was different. The figure stood at about 35,000 in 2004 and also in 2005. The number declined to about 33,000 in 2006 and further decreased to about 28,000 in 2007.
主語を変えて接続詞・分詞構文を使った文
Australia accepted around 40,000 emigrants in 2004 and 2005, whilethe number surged to just above 50,000 in 2006 and dropped to approximately 43,000 the next year. A different trend was seen in Spain with the number standing at about 35,000 in 2004 and also in 2005, before declining to about 33,000 in 2006. In the subsequent year, there was a further decrease to about 28,000.
無生物主語：Australiaが主語
能動態：the numberが主語
受動態：A different trendが主語
There is/are構文の使用
2. produces frequent error-free sentences
スペルミスのない文を書く
3. has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors
「2010年にburglaryの数は3500からスタートした」、「2011年に(3500から)数百上がった」などは”began — in 2010″や”increased — in 2011″で、「（その後）2015年にかけて1000まで下がった」などは”decreased — until 2015″のように過去形で書く。
With regards to burglary, the number began at just below 3500 cases in 2010, which was the highest among the three categories, before increasing by a few hundred in 2011 and then declining continuously until 2015 to just 1000. After that, the figure rose to nearly 1500 in 2016 and levelled off until 2018, before dropping slightly to just under 1500 in 2019.
一定期間ごとの変化
期間内での変化を表して、何年にどうなったとは書けない場合は、過去形だけではなく過去完了形も使う。
この場合、1982年から1992年にかけて10年間で20％から25％に増えた。1992年にいきなり20％から25％に増えたのではないので”increased — in 1992″とは書けない。
例えば、Adult fictionは、過去完了を使って”1992年まで(by 1992)”に（20％から）25％に増えたと表現するか、過去形で”1982年から2002年の間に（During the decade from 1982 to 2002)”（20％から）5％増えたと表現する。
過去形でincreased by 5% in 1992と書いてしまうと、1992年に5％増えたことになってしまう。ただし、1982年に20％だったというのは過去の事実なので、stood at 20% (one fifth) in 1982と過去形で書く。
The categories of adult fiction and children’s fiction underwent continuous growth. Both stood at one fifth in 1982, and the former had grown to a quarter and the latter had risen by 2% by 1992. During the two decades from 1982 to 2002, adult fiction sales more than doubled to represent 45% and children’s fiction rose by 5%, resulting in the subtotal proportion of these two genres making up a 70% share in 2002.
Furniture sales took the largest share, while/whereas those of computers was the smallest.
Young people face difficulties in making friends, while/whereas older people face problems in learning the language of a foreign country.
The oldest group drink milk the most, while/whereas those in the young group eat butter the most.
副詞：conversely (反対に)
Furniture sales generated the largest profit. Conversely, the sale of computers brought the smallest revenue. (Furniture sales: 家具の売上げ（数値）、sale: 販売（活動）)
前置詞(句)：unlike, in comparison, on the other hand, compared to, in contrast to
Unlike furniture sales, which generated the largest profit, the sale of computers brought the smallest revenue. (Furniture sales: 家具の売上げ（数値）、sale: 販売（活動）)
Furniture sales generated the largest profit. In comparison / On the other hand, the sale of computers brought the smallest revenue. (Furniture sales: 家具の売上げ（数値）、sale: 販売（活動）)
In terms of butter consumption, younger people use / eat the least at just 15g per day, in contrast to 30g for those over the age of 60.
その他傾向を表す表現
傾向にある：tend to
People over 55 years old tend not to have trouble finding new accommodation, compared to those in the other age groups.
Australians tended to prefer living in rural areas.
Younger people tend to consume less milk and butter, especially teenagers.
傾向にある：likely
Australians are more likely to live in the countryside with one fifth of them doing so.
傾向にある：opt for
Students studying science opt for taking classes of math and physics.
(Overall,) this development includes / will include increasing the number of boarding gates, adding new facilities and relocating the existing facilities.
(Overall,) the principal change will be the increase in the number of laboratories and the relocation of the main road running through the campus.
(Overall,) the major change planned is the addition of a new science department on the left side of the university.
過去と現在の比較の場合：
(Overall,) dramatic amendments were seen in the library in terms of its facilities and equipment.
(Overall,) this development included / has included increasing the number of boarding gates, adding new facilities and relocating the existing facilities.
(Overall,) the university has undergone many improvements in terms of access to the laboratories.
プロセス Overall使える単語・表現
プロセスのOverallには、次の3つを入れる
１．工程数
２．circular process か linear process
Circular process : リサイクル（製品の処分→リサイクル（製品）→製品の処分）など一周まわるプロセス
Linear process : 何かを作る工程（作って終わり）のプロセス）
３．何から始まり何に終わるのか
この3つを入れる表現として、次の動詞と表現は必ず覚えておく
contain
(Overall,) it is a circular process containing nine stages from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
consist of
(Overall,) this is a linear process which consists of eleven steps from drying animal skin to making the final leather products.
comprise of
(Overall,) this circular process is comprised of three main stages including collection, followed by cleaning, and finally producing some items.
There are
(Overall,) there are three main steps / procedures to this entirely manual process.
—から始まり—までの: beginning with —, followed by —
(Overall,) there are three main procedures to this entirely manual process beginning with initial transportation of the raw material to the factory, followed by preparation and processing of the material, and finally the manufacture of consumer products.
The line graph illustrates the amount of paper, sawn-wood and wood pulp produced between 1980 and 2000 at ten-year intervals. Overall, the production of paper underwent an upward trend, whereas manufacturing of the other materials showed a downward trend over the period. Furthermore, the production of paper was always the highest over the 20 years.
この後Body 1にproduction of paperがどのように増えたのか、Body 2にmanufacturing of the other materialsがどのように減ったのかを書く。
サンプル２：円グラフ
Sample 1
The pie charts compare percentages of energy made from several sources in one country in 1985 and 2005. Overall, electricity production from oil and nuclear power decreased whereas that from natural gas, coal and various renewable sources increased. Furthermore, fossil fuel represented the largest share, even after the energy shift.
Sample 2 (同じ問題)
The pie charts compare percentages of energy made from several sources in one country in 1985 and 2005. Overall, this country experienced an energy shift by reducing the use of oil and nuclear power and relying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable sources. Furthermore, fossil fuel represented the largest share, even after the energy shift.
この後Body 1にreducing the use of oil and nuclear powerの詳細、Body 2にrelying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable sourcesの詳細を書く。
サンプル３：表
The table gives an account of sales figures of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in five countries in Europe in 1999 and 2004.Overall, except for sales of bananas in Sweden and Denmark, the sales figures of both items increased during the given five years.
The table illustrates the amount of milk and butter consumed per week across four age groups in one European country. Overall, the oldest group drinks milk the most and the 45-65 range group eats butter the most, whereas the youngest group consumes both milk and butter the least.
この後ボディ１にmilk、ボディ２にButterの年齢別消費量を書く
サンプル２：表
The table illustrates the proportion of difficulties that people face when they move to foreign countries according to different age groups. Overall, as people get older, they find it more challenging to speak foreign languages, but they struggle less with making new friends. Furthermore, people over 55 years old tend not to have trouble finding new accommodation, compared to those in other age groups.
この後ボディ１にforeign languagesについて、ボディ 2にnew accommodation/making new friendsについて書く
地図 Overall サンプル
サンプル１：地図
The two maps compare the layout of a science park from 2008 and the present. Overall, some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery, and the function of some amenities has changed. In relation to this renovation, new paths have been made to connect facilities, and a bus stop as well as cycle paths have been newly built.
地図の1つが今のものなので現在完了でsome new facilities have been addedやthe function of some amenities has changedと書いた
この後、ボディ１に緑地に追加された施設と用途変更された施設の詳細（”some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery, and the function of some amenities has changed”の詳細）、ボディ２に新設された通路とバス停、自転車道路の詳細（”new paths have been made to connect facilities, and a bus stop as well as cycle paths have been newly built”の詳細）を書く
プロセス Overall サンプル
Linear process
The diagram illustrates how leather products are made from animal skin. Overall, this is a linear process which consists of eleven steps from drying animal skin to making the final products.
この後Body1にプロセスの前半、Body 2にプロセスの後半を書く
Circular process
The diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled. Overall, it is a circular process containing nine stages with both manual and mechanical processes from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
Line A and B underwent an upward trend. Line A, which started in second place at approximately 250, increased to 400 before levelling off at the same figure. After that, it rose to the largest figure of about 550 at the end. Line B also underwent an increase with gradual and continuous growth from just above 0, the lowest among the four lines, to nearly 100.
ボディ2：C, D
Conversely, line C and D saw a downward trend. There was a huge drop in line C from the highest at 650 to second place at 250, although it showed some fluctuations over the period. Line D started at just below 150 and climbed to 200. Then, it showed a continuous decline to the lowest point of about 50. While declining, line C and D were surpassed by line A and B at 400 and 80, respectively.
With regards to the domestic consumption of meat in the UK, it was only 20,000 tonnes per year in 2010. It increased significantly to 25,000 tonnes in 2011 before increasing slightly to 26,000 and 27,000 tonnes in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The consumptionremained the same at 27,000 between 2014 and 2018, and then the figure decreased to 24,000 tonnes in 2019. After that, the consumptionremained the same at 24,000 tonnes until 2023.
このブラフを表すのに、同じ単語の繰り返しを避けた文
With regards to the domestic consumption of meat in the UK, it was only 20,000 tonnes per year in 2010, which was the lowest during the recent 13 years. The figuresurged to 25,000 in the subsequent year before increasing slightly to 26,000 and 27,000 tonnes in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The quantity of meat eaten domestically in the country plateaued between 2014 and 2018 at 27,000 tonnes, and then the amountdropped to 24,000 tonnes in 2019. After that, the volumelevelled off until 2023 at 24,000 tonnes.
The population increased slightly from 100 million to 101 million during the decade.
The city experienced a slight increase in population from 100 million to 101 million during the decade.
大幅に（量）
significant(形) – significantly(副)
considerable(形) – considerably(副)
dramatic(形) – dramatically(副)
drastic(形) – drastically(副)
The population increased significantly from 100 million to 300 million during the decade.
The city experienced a significant increase in population from 100 million to 101 million during the decade.
急に（速度）
sharp(形) – sharply(副)
sudden(形) – suddenly(副)
rapid(形) – rapidly(副)
steep(形) – steeply(副)
The population increased steeply from 100 million to 150 million during the past decade.
The city experienced a steep increase in population from 100 million to 150 million during the past decade.
だんだんと（速度）
stead(形) – steadily(副)
gradual(形) – gradually(副)
slow(形) – slowly(副)
incremental(形) – incrementally(副)
marginal(形) – marginally(副)
The population has increased gradually from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades. (during the past five decades: 今から過去50年間なので現在完了形を使用）
The city has experienced a gradual increase in population from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades.
継続的に
continuous(形) – continuously(副)
steady(形) – steadily(副)
constant(形) – constantly(副)
year by year/day by day
The population has increased continuously from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades. (during the past five decades: 今から過去50年間なので現在完了形を使用）
The city has experienced a continuous increase in population from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades.
期間の表し方
期間もワンパターンで毎回上がった期間from— to —、下がった期間from— to —ではなく、色々な表現を使て書くこと。
from — to —
The sales increased from 2010 to 2015.
from — onwards (—年以降)
The sales increased from 2010 onwards.
between — and —
The sales increased between 2010 and 2015.
throughout (the period)
The sales increased throughout the period surveyed.
during
The sales increased during the five years.
The sales increased during the period from 2010 to 2015. The sales increased during the five-year period.
over
The sales increased over the five years.
The sales increased over the period from 2010 to 2015. ＝ The sales increased over the five-year period.
The sales of meat and fish made up 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
The pie chart indicates that 90% of the population in Japan is made up of Japanese people themselves.
The water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share of the total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%.
account for
The sales of meat and fish accounted for 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
Meat sales accounted for the largest share of total supermarket sales at 40%.
comprise
The sales of meat and fish comprised 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
constitute
The sales of meat and fish constituted 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
パーセントの表し方
直接数字を書くのではなくパーセントもパラフレイズして書くことでスコアにつなげる。
20%：one fifth
25%：quarter
50%：half
66%：two-thirds
75%：three quarters
47%～49%：slightly under/just below/just under a half
51%～53％：slightly over/just above/just over a half
47%～53%：around a half
73% を「75%を少し下回る程度」として表現する場合
The pie chart indicates that just under three quarters of the residents in London are people from the UK.
25%と20％を表現する場合
This bookshop sold relatively equal proportions of each type of genre with History making up one quarter, followed by Adult Fiction, Children’s Fiction, and Biographies all at one fifth, and travel was the lowest at 15%.
(売った本のジャンル：history=25%(a quarter), adult fiction, children’s fiction, biography=各20％(all at one fifth), travel=15%)
The proportion of young people participating in the lesson accounted for 60%, whereas that of middle-aged people and senior people stood at 30% and 10%, respectively.
パーセントとその割合を使って書いた文
The proportion of young people participating in the lesson accounted for 60%, whereas that of middle-aged and senior people stood at half and one sixth of that figure, respectively. (young peopleは全参加者の60％、middle-aged peopleは（60％の）半分（30％）、senior peopleは（60％の）1/6（10%）)
The proportion of meat accounted for the largest share of exports from the UK at 40%, followed by fish at just under a third. The share of egg exports stood at half the figure of meat at one fifth. Milk represented the smallest percentage among the four categories at 10%.
The ratio of their preference for full fat butter to low fat is 60% to 40% for the youngest group, while this ratio is almost equal for the oldest group.
ratio(比率)は100％の内のそれぞれの割合（男女比６：４など）で使われるので、percentageやproportionの同意語としては使えない。X％を表す場合には、percentage, proportion, shareを使って、ratioは使う前に適切か考えること。また、rate(率)も同じで、％を表さない場合が多い。mortality rate(死亡率)やexchange rate(為替レート)などで使われ、dollar’s exchange rate against the yen(ドルの円に対する為替レート)などとして使われる。
注）more than / less than / above / over / below / under はそれ以上/以下すべてが含まれるので使い方注意。「ちょい下まで/ちょい上まで」はjust belowやjust aboveで書けるが、「1000ちょい下まで下がった」をdecreased to less than 1000と言ってしまうと0～999まですべて含まれてしまう。必ず、”だいたい”を表現する言葉を適切に入れる。
数字の表し方
”—の数”の言い方
可算名詞：number
The number of visitors/tourists to London increased by 10,000 from 2000 to 2010.
The visitor/tourist numbers to London increased by 10,000 from 2000 to 2010.
不加算名詞：amount (単位関係なし), volume (主にm3)
The amount of plastic garbage declined by 10,000 tonnes from 2000 to 2010.
The volume of plastic garbage declined by 10,000 cubic metres from 2000 to 2010.
不加算名詞：quantity
The quantity of sugar consumed in the UK rose by 10% from 2000 to 2010.
”その数字”の言い方
数字：figure
Meat sales rose by 10% between 2000 and 2010. The figure rose by a further 5% in the subsequent two years.
Meat sales in 2000 reached/hit £20,000. This sales figure was the highest achieved during the decade.
The value of imports and exports dropped by 20% and 10%, respectively, during the decade.
(imports: 20%減, exports: 10%減)
前者（former）と後者 (latter)
formerとlatterで書くことで、繰り返し同じ単語を使うことを避けることができる。
Young people preferred to be involved in playing sports and dancing with just over one-third and nearly one-third of them doing the former and the latter, respectively.
(former = playing sports, latter = dancing)
地図
場所にある状態
There is/are
There is a laboratory on the east side of the campus.
Thera are some computers in the corner of the library.
There is a road running from east to west.
There are trees along the road.
There is a cycle path running through the park.
There was a park with trees and grass and a car park.
have/has
The university has an outdoor pool and two tennis courts on the right side of the map.
The library had a reception next to the entrance.
be located
The laboratory is located on the east side of the campus.
Five houses are located along the river.
The computers are located in the library.
lie
The forest lies across the river.
The monument lay in the centre of the campus. (lie-lay-lain) (past)
be situated
Some houses are situated on the hill.
One restaurant is situated on the west side of the map.
sit
The building sits on the main street.
There is a building sitting on the main street.
be positioned
A computer and a printer are positioned on the right side of the library.
A kiosk is positioned in the centre of the platform.
場所にある状態（道、川）
run
The river runs on the northside of the town.
There are additional cycle routes running through the centre of the park.
lead to
The footpath leads to the library.
connect
The railway connects the east and west of the town.
stretch
The island stretches from north to south. (通常stretchは北―南、東―西に延びるときに使う。北―東などは使わない)
変わる・変化する
undergo
The library underwent a conversion.
The museum underwent renovation.
see changes / see a change in
The town saw changes in the location of its facilities.
The library saw changes in the arrangement of books.
変わる・違う用途になる
change into
The library was changed into a museum.
The car park was changed into a tennis court.
be replaced with / replace
The library was replaced with a museum.
A museum replaced the library.
The park and the car park were replaced with a basketball court and tennis courts, respectively.
(park ⇒ basketball court / car park ⇒ tennis courts)
= A basketball court and tennis courts replaced the park and the car park, respectively.
be transformed into
The cube-like building will be transformed into a columnar museum.
The IT centre has been transformed into an innovation centre.
turn into
The outdoor facility has been turned into an indoor area that contains the swimming pool, the café and the reception. (outdoor facility, swimming pool, café, receptionはもとからあったのでこれらには”the”, それらがインドアになったのでそのindoor areaにはa(an)をつけた)
be converted into
The library will be converted into a museum.
The old houses will be converted into hotels.
become
The existing rectangular shaped area with eight gates will be modified to become a Y-shaped corridor with 18 gates.
変わる・場所が変わる
be relocated to
The library, which was on the north side, was relocated to the east side.
The museum was relocated to the edge of the town.
move to
The existing check-in counter will be moved to the opposite side of the airport.
The computers will be moved from the left to right side of the laboratory.
変わる・開発される
be developed into
The village will be developed into a small town with a university.
The island has been developed into a tourist resort with hotels and restaurants.
grow into
The small town grew into a big city with a hospital and a university.
The small hotel grew into a large facility with a swimming pool and a spa.
変わる・近代化する
be modernised
The library was modernised with wheelchair friendly toilets and step-free access.
The museum was modernised with many contemporary pieces of art.
変わる・加わる
be added
A new laboratory was added.
A printer was added next to the computer.
be placed
A new big screen and ATM will be placed in front of the restaurant.
be make
The basketball court was made by removing the greenery in the park.
変わる・建物が建てられる
be added
A new laboratory was added next to the car park.
Some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery.
Some facilities are expected to be added by cutting trees down and relocating roads.
be constructed / built
A new laboratory was constructed next to the car park.
A new university was built on the east side of the town.
new — (lie)
A new footpath will lie alongside the road.
変わる・道路が作られる
be built
A new road, which connects a library and a university, will be built.
be laid
New paths, which connect the station with the innovation centre, have been laid.
be introduced
New cycle paths have been introduced alongside the roads.
be made
A new road will be made to connect the library and the city hall.
new—(run)
A new road will run from south to north.
変わる・サイズ、数
サイズ大きくなる/小さくなる: increase/decrease in size
The playground increased in size.
The playground decreased in size.
範囲が大きくなる：expand, enlarge
The university will expand to include more areas for research, education and improved accessibility.
The library has been enlarged, overtaking the green space.
数が増える：increase/decrease in number
The tennis courts increased in number.
The tennis courts decreased in number.
The school saw an increase in the number of classrooms.
幅が広くなる・狭くなる：widen/narrow
距離が延長される・短くなる：extend/shorten
無くなる
be remove
The greenery in the park was removed and the basketball court was made.
The basketball court was made by removing the greenery in the park.
no longer (there)
変わらない
remain unchanged/be unchanged
The location of the laboratories and the walkway will remain unchanged.
The location of library will be unchanged.
remain the same
In the library, the location of the reception and the computers remained the same.
stay the same
The existing walkway and the library will stay the same.
場所を表す前置詞
東西南北
The restaurant is on the east/west/south/north of the café.
A centre for research and development has been built on the north-west side of the park on the grassland.
The northern half has the restaurant in the east, but the rest of the area is occupied by trees. The southern half is further divided into two halves by the walkway.
In Japan, the price of a football ticket increased from 10 dollars in 2000 with the price reaching a peak of 40 dollars in 2010 but then declining to 20 dollars in 2020.
In the UK, the price of a football ticket decreased from 50 dollars in 2000 with the price dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 but then rising to 40 dollars in 2020.
「”メインで言いたいこと”, with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞 /過去分詞」の形で、メインで言いたいことにその状況を説明することができる。（現在分詞/過去分詞以外にも形容詞、副詞、前置詞もとれるがIELTSでは現在分詞と過去分詞のみを覚えればよい）
with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞（名詞が”する”）← IELTSではほぼこの表現
Meat exports steadily increased between 1990 and 2020 from 10 to 20 million tonnes.
Meat exports steadily increased between 1990 and 2020, with the amount rising from 10 to 20 million tonnes.
with 名詞 ＋過去分詞（名詞が”される”）
Meat exports will (probably) / are likely to / are forecast to increase in the next five years from 10 to 20 million tonnes.
Meat exports will (probably) / are likely to / are forecast to increase in the next five years, with the amount expected to rise from10 to 20 million tonnes. (withの後ろのbeing: 省略)
関係代名詞を使って状況を説明
上って下がる
JAPAN：10ドル（2000年）→ 40ドル（2010年）→ 20ドル（2020年）
In Japan, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 10 dollars in 2000, increased to 40 dollars in 2010 but then decreased to 20 dollars in 2020.
下がって上がる
UK：50ドル（2000年）→ 20ドル（2010年）→ 40ドル（2020年）
In the UK, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 50 dollars in 2000, decreased to 20 dollars in 2010 but then increased to 40 dollars in 2020.
In Japan, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 10 dollars in 2000, increased to 40 dollars in 2010 but then decreased to 20 dollars in 2020. After that, it rose again to 30 dollars in 2023.
In Japan, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 10 dollars in 2000, increased to 40 dollars in 2010 but then decreased to 20 dollars in 2020, with the price rising again to 30 dollars in 2023.
In the UK, the price of a football ticket was 50 dollars in 2000 before dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 but then it recovered to 40 dollars in 2020. After that, it declined again to 30 dollars in 2023.
In the UK, the price of a football ticket was 50 dollars in 2000 before dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 but then it recovered to 40 dollars in 2020, with the price declining again to 30 dollars in 2023.
最低値/最高値への達し方の表現方法
過程の状況を説明しつつ、最終的にはどの値になったのかをto不定詞や接続詞afterを用いて書く。
to不定詞で最後の結果を書く
The sales increased by almost 0.3 million every year for 10 years to reach a peak of three million in 2023.
The sales decreased by almost 0.3 million every year for 10 years to reach the lowest point of one million in 2023.
After—で過程を書き、主節で結果を書く
The sales reached a peak of three million in 2023 after increasing by 0.3 million every year for 10 years.
The sales reached the lowest point of three million in 2023 after decreasing by 0.3 million every year for 10 years.
関係副詞を使ってその時なにがあったかを説明する方法
関係副詞（非制限用法: , when (コンマ when)）はいつ何が起きたかを説明するのに使える構文。とくに”需要が供給を超えた”など2つを比較するのに使える。
The demand of steel surged to 200 million tonnes per month in December, when the demand overtook the supply.
（12月に需要が供給を超えた）
The lowest temperatures recorded in Japan are in February, when conversely they are the highest in Australia.
（2月に日本では最低気温が記録されるが、オーストラリアでは最高気温が記録される）
In winter, the need for power gradually increases at a slower pace until evening, when it surges and peaks at about 48000 units at 8 p.m.
（夕方8時に電力需要はピークの48000 unitsを迎えた）
The monthly sales remained steady at £5 million until May, when they fell to roughly £2 million.
The proportion of citizens from Great Britain is in first place at 60%, followed by those from New Zealand and China at 20% and 10%, respectively.
90% of the population of Japan is made up of Japanese people themselves. This figure is followed by residents from China at 4%, Korea at 3%, Vietnam at 2% and people from other countries at 1%.
People having coffee at a cafe accounted for the largest percentage in Hobart at 65%, followed by Brisbane and Adelaide, at approximately 51% and 49%, respectively.
Automobiles represented the largest value of exports in total at £13.8 billion, followed by chemical products at £12.5 billion.
Following
Water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share of the total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. Following these two categories, industries consumed almost as much water as businesses, with the former at 11% and the latter at 10%.
比較級
比較対象のうちどちらが大きいかは比較級で表す。
Automobile sales took a larger share than motorbikes at 70% and at 5%, respectively.
The younger generation consumed more cheese than elderly people at 20g per day and 10g, respectively, on average.
何倍/何分の一の表現方法
比較をする際にどの程度どちらが大きいかを倍数表現で表す。
何倍：times / times as — as (2倍はtwice)
Japan exports automobiles worth £5.9 billion to the world, which is nearly five times the amount of money made from exporting food.
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is twice as much as that consumed by people over 65 and five times as much as those under 25.
In terms of the automobile industry, the value of exports from Japan stood at £13.8 billion in 2010, which was ten times as much as the UK sold.
何分の一：序数（1/2はhalf）
Residents used 15% of water for toilets, which was three-quarters the amount for washing clothes (20%). 10% of water was used in the kitchen, which was half the amount for washing clothes.
Industries and businesses accounted for roughly a fifth of water used in homes, standing at 11% and 10% of the overall water use, respectively.
The most challenging aspect for young people is making new friends, with 53% of those surveyed reporting this.
The oldest age group finds making friends the easiest, with the proportion of people finding it a challenge standing at only 10%.
As for the dwelling areas, cities are far more popular than the countryside, with more than 80% of people living there.
Graduates working as freelance consultants received a relatively higher income, with half of them earning over $100,000.
The minority of the students decided to study further on a postgraduate course, with 8% of the total entirely focusing on advanced studying and 5% of them choosing to continue studying while also working part-time.
The majority of water use in Japan was in the residential sector, with 57% used in houses and 13% used in apartments.
付帯状況のwithとは
「”メインで言いたいこと”, with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞 /過去分詞」の形で、メインで言いたいことにその状況を説明する。（現在分詞/過去分詞以外にも形容詞、副詞、前置詞もとれるがIELTSでは現在分詞と過去分詞のみを覚えればよい）
with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞（名詞が”する”）← IELTSではほぼこの表現
Meat exports represented the majority of trade at 60%.
⇓
Meat exports represented the majority of trade, with the proportion standing at 60%.
with 名詞 ＋過去分詞（名詞が”される”）
Meat exports will / are likely to / are forecast to represent the majority of trade in the near future at 60%.
⇓
Meat exports will (probably) / are likely to / are forecast to represent the majority of trade in the near future, with the proportion expected to stand at 60%.
分詞構文を使って数値を追加
The proportion of people owning cars is lower for the older age group, standing at 36%.
The export values of automobiles and bicycles were unique as the figures outnumber those of imports, accounting for £4 billion and £2.3 billion, respectively.
関係代名詞を使って数値を追加
The people who immigrated from other countries are categorized as “Other”, which accounts for 14%.
Milk consumption by the under 18 group is the lowest at 1200 ml per day, of which 59% is full fat and 41% low fat.
関係代名詞を使って説明を追加
Nearly half of those over 55 years old find it difficult to learn a new language, which is the biggest obstacle for them when living abroad.
60% of Chinese people live in cities, which is far greater than the other countries.
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is the largest for all age groups. Milk consumption by the under 18 group is the lowest at 1200 ml per day, of which 59% is full fat and 41% low fat.
People in the oldest age group (over 65) drink the most milk at 1900ml, whereas/while those in youngest group (under 25) drink the least at 1200ml.
More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk, whereas/while this trend is the opposite for those under 26.
副詞：conversely (反対に)
More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk. Conversely, this trend is the opposite for those under 26.
前置詞(句)：unlike, in comparison, on the other hand, compared to
The figure for the 18-34 age group stands at nearly 30% and compared to the 35-54 age group, it is 6% lower. (compared to + 比較対象：18-34 age groupと35-54 age groupの比較)
地図
使える構文
分詞構文：結果—なった
The library has expanded leading to an increased number of books.
—することによって: by
Some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery.
A new research facility was developed by cutting trees down.
—一方で—
The building for cyber security has been expanded, whereas the area for the car park has been reduced. (cyber securityのビルは拡大される一方駐車場のスペースは減った)
The west side of the university has the library, while the east has the laboratory.（大学の西側は図書館で、一方東側は研究室）
In the past, there was a lot of greenery alongside the river running through the northern part of the city.
かつては—だった：used to be
An indoor facility was made to contain a swimming pool, a café and changing rooms, which used to be in the open air. (かつては屋外だったswimming pool, caféは屋内施設になった)
The new facility will have a fitness centre in the place where the tennis courts used to be. (かつてテニスコートだった場所にフィットネスセンターができる)
現在：presently, At present, currently, after (the modification)
Presently, the layout has changed dramatically. (レイアウトが変わって今も変わった後の状態が続いているので現在完了形)
At present, there is a new library on the north side of the university.
未来：in the future, for the future
The map illustrates the present layout of the university and also the changes proposed for the future.
Firstly, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
Initially, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
First of all, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
To start with, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
commence/start
Recycling commences when used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
Recycling starts when used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
次に
Then/subsequently/afterwards
Then, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
Subsequently, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
Afterwards, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
After that,/After
After that, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
After transportation to the recycling centre, the plastic bottles are sorted automatically.
prior to / before
Used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container, prior to/before being carried by a garbage truck.
followed by
Used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container, followed by being collected / collection by a garbage truck.
Used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container, followed by a garbage truck collecting them.
Next/Then
Next/Then, the compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by sharp, circular rollers.
The pellets are then heated until they melt.
and then
The compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by rollers, and then the crushed pieces are dropped into a container filled with water.
and subsequently
The skin is thoroughly washed with water in a container, and subsequently the individual sheets of skin are soaked in another container filled with lime.
Subsequent to
Firstly, the leather skins from various animals are dried. Subsequent to this, they are carried to a factory by truck where they are sorted by hand.
最後に/最終的に
Finally/Ultimately
Finally, some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags are made.
Ultimately, some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags are made.
順番を表すのに使える構文
followed by
This circular process is comprised of three main stages including initial collection and sorting, followed by processing and cleaning, and finally making some products. (順番：collection and sorting ⇒ processing and cleaning ⇒ producing some products)
before
Then, the sheet is polished using equipment before being transferred by a lorry to another factory.（順番：sheet polishing ⇒ lorry ⇒ another factory）
The harvested vegetables are washed automatically before being cut by a machine with large rollers. (順番：washing vegetables ⇒ cut)
Sample
サンプル：ダイナミック
サンプル１：折れ線グラフ
The chart below shows the changes that took place in three different areas of crime in Mexico City from 2010 to 2019.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ダイナミックグラフは期間の最初（2010年）と最後（2019年）を比較して変化をつかむ
ボディ１： Burglaryは減少
ボディ２：Car theftとRobberyはほぼ同じ
特徴の捉え方
ボディ1：Burglaryの大きな特徴
2010年：数が最も多い
2011年：数百増える
2015年：減り続けて1000ちょっとに
2016年：1500近くまで増えて2018まで同じ
2019年：少し減り1500弱に
ボディ２：Car theftとRobberyの大きな特徴
2010年：Car theftとRobberyはそれぞれ2800と700
Car theft
2012まで同じ数、2013年に2000ちょいに減る
その後徐々に増え2013年にはBurglaryを超える
2019年と同じくらいの数に戻る
Robbery
期間を通して500-1000の間で小さな変動、2010年と2019年は700くらい
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The chart below showsthe changes that took placein three different areas of crime in Mexico City from 2010 to 2019.
パラフレイズ）The line graphillustrateshow the number of incidents of crime in three categories in Mexico City changedbetween 2010 and 2019.
Overall
burglaryは激減
car theftとrobberyはあまり変化なし
robberyはずっと低い
Overall, the number of burglaries decreased dramatically, whereas figures for car theft and robbery saw some slight fluctuations. Furthermore, robbery remained the least occurring crime over the period.
ボディ
ボディ 1：Burglary
2010年：数が最も多い(3500件)
2011年：数百増える
2015年：減り続けて1000ちょっとに
With regards to burglary, the number began at just below 3500 cases in 2010, which was the highest among the three categories, before increasing by a few hundred in 2011 and then declining continuously until 2015 to just 1000.
2016年：1500近くまで増えて2018まで同じ
2019年：少し減り1500弱に
After that, the figure rose to nearly 1500 in 2016 and levelled off until 2018, before dropping slightly to just under 1500 in 2019.
ボディ ２：Car theft, Robbery
2010年：Car theftとRobberyはそれぞれ2800と700
The number of cars being stolen and robberies taking place stood at approximately 2800 and 700, respectively, in 2010.
Car theft：2012まで同じ数、2013年に2000ちょいに減る
The former remained unchanged until 2012 before falling to just above 2000 in 2013.
(* former = cars being stolen = car theft)
Car theft：その後徐々に増え2013年にはBurglaryを超え、2019年と同じくらいの数に戻る
After that, it began to grow gradually and surpassed the number of burglaries in the middle of 2013to reach almost the same number in 2019 as at the beginning of the period.
As for robbery, incidences hovered around the 750 mark and did not fall below 500 or exceed 1000 throughout the period, with the number at the end being the same as at the start.
全体
The line graph illustrates how the number of incidents of crime in three categories in Mexico City changed between 2010 and 2019. Overall, the number of burglaries decreased dramatically, whereas figures for car theft and robbery saw some slight fluctuations. Furthermore, robbery remained the least occurring crime over the period.
With regards to burglary, the number began at just below 3500 cases in 2010, which was the highest among the three categories, before increasing by a few hundred in 2011 and then declining continuously until 2015 to just 1000. After that, the figure rose to nearly 1500 in 2016 and levelled off until 2018, before dropping slightly to just under 1500 in 2019.
The number of cars being stolen and robberies taking place stood at approximately 2800 and 700, respectively, in 2010. The former remained unchanged until 2012 before falling to just above 2000 in 2013. After that, it began to grow gradually and surpassed the number of burglaries in the middle of 2013 to reach almost the same number in 2019 as at the beginning of the period. As for robbery, incidences hovered around the 750 mark and did not fall below 500 or exceed 1000 throughout the period, with the number at the end being the same as at the start.
サンプル２：棒グラフ
The chart below gives information about the price of tickets on one airline between Edinburgh and London over a two-week period in 2013.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
問題文）The char below give information about the price of tickets on one airlinebetween Edinburgh and Londonover a two-week period in 2013.
パラフレイズ） The bar graphillustratesfluctuations of the airline ticket pricefrom Edinburgh to London as well as the return tripfor two weeks in 2013.
Overall
金曜から月曜は高めで火水曜は低めである点は似ている
Overall, the trends of week 1 and 2 are similar with the price being higher over the weekend and the lowest on Tuesday and Wednesday.
ボディ
ボディ 1：第１週
Edinburgh→Londonは月曜に最も高い£80
火曜/水曜は£35に下がる (木曜£40は特に重要な情報ではないので省略)
During the first week, the price from Edinburgh to London started from a peak of £80 on Monday before fell sharply to just over £30 on Tuesday and Wednesday.
金曜に£75に上がる
土曜に£70に下がり、日曜に£50
After that, it soared to approximately £75 on Friday but dropped to £70 and subsequently to £50 over the weekend.
London→Edinburghも似たパターンだけど金曜が最高値の£80
（Edinburgh→Londonで最高値の）月曜は£60、土曜も同じくらいの£60
A similar pattern was seen for the return tickets, although the peak was on Friday at £80 and the price on Monday was as expensive as on Saturday at £60.
The next week, as for tickets from Edinburgh to London, the price on each day was the same as the first week apart from on Monday when the price was £50.
London→Edinburghは第1週よりは変化が少ない
月曜に£40、火曜～木曜に£35、土日は£50、金曜に最高値の£60
The return tickets in the second week did not fluctuate so much, compared to the first week, with the price being £40 on Monday, falling marginally to £35 from Tuesday to Thursday, and then rising to £50 at the weekend, while it reached a peak of £60 on Friday.
全体
The bar graph illustrates fluctuations of the airline ticket price from Edinburgh to London as well as the return trip for two weeks in 2013. Overall, the trends of week 1 and 2 are similar with the price being higher over the weekend and the lowest on Tuesday and Wednesday.
During the first week, the price from Edinburgh to London started from a peak of £80 on Monday before fell sharply to just over £30 on Tuesday and Wednesday. After that, it soared to approximately £75 on Friday but dropped to £70 and subsequently to £50 over the weekend. A similar pattern was seen for the return tickets, although the peak was on Friday at £80 and the price on Monday was as expensive as on Saturday at £60.
The next week, as for tickets from Edinburgh to London, the price on each day was the same as the first week apart from on Monday when the price was £50. The return tickets in the second week did not fluctuate so much, compared to the first week, with the price being £40 on Monday, falling marginally to £35 from Tuesday to Thursday, and then rising to £50 at the weekend, while it reached a peak of £60 on Friday.
サンプル３：円グラフ
The pie charts below show the percentage of five kinds of books sold by a bookseller between 1982 and 2002.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
問題文）The charts below show the percentage of five kinds of bookssold by a booksellerbetween 1982 and 2002.
パラフレイズ）The pie chartsillustrate the proportion of books of different genreswhich were soldfrom 1982 to 2002at one-decade intervals.
Overall
増加：adult fiction and children’s fiction
減少：Biography, Travel, Others
Overall, the proportion of adult fiction and children’s fiction increased, whereas that of the other three kinds, biography, travel, and others, decreased over the period.
ボディ
ボディ 1：Adult fiction, Children’s fiction
Adult fictionとChildren’s fictionは1982年から2002年で増えた
The categories of adult fiction and children’s fiction underwent continuous growth.
1982年：Adult fictionとChildren’s fictionはそれぞれ20％
1992年：Adult fictionは25％、Children’s fictionは22％に上昇
Both stood at one fifth in 1982, and the former had grown to a quarter and the latter had risen 2% by 1992.
During the two decades from 1982 to 2002, adult fiction sales more than doubled to represent 45% and children’s fiction rose by 5%, resulting in the subtotal proportion of these two genres making up a 70% share in 2002.
ボディ ２：Biography, Travel, Others
Biography：20％（1982年）→ 15％（1992年）→ 8％（2002年）
Biography, which took the same proportion as the aforementioned two categories in 1982, lost popularity from 20% in 1982 to 15% in 1992 and to only 8%, the lowest proportion, in 2002.
Others：25％（1982年）→ ［20％（1992年）］→ 12％（2002年）
Also, the ‘others’ category declined from 25% to less than half at 12% over the period with the percentage standing at one fifth in 1992.
Travel：15％（1982年）→ +3％（1992年）］→ -10％（2002年）
With regards to travel, starting from 15%, it saw a slight rise of 3% from 1982 to 1992, while the proportion had dipped to 10% by 2002.
全体
The pie charts illustrate the proportion of books of different genres which were sold from 1982 to 2002 at one-decade intervals. Overall, the proportion of adult fiction and children’s fiction increased, whereas that of the other three kinds, biography, travel, and others, decreased over the period.
The categories of adult fiction and children’s fiction underwent continuous growth. Both stood at one fifth in 1982, and the former had grown to a quarter and the latter had risen 2% by 1992. During the two decades from 1982 to 2002, adult fiction sales more than doubled to represent 45% and children’s fiction rose by 5%, resulting in the subtotal proportion of these two genres making up a 70% share in 2002.
Biography, which took the same proportion as the aforementioned two categories in 1982, lost popularity from 20% in 1982 to 15% in 1992 and to only 8%, the lowest proportion, in 2002. Also, the ‘others’ category declined from 25% to less than half at 12% over the period with the percentage standing at one fifth in 1992. With regards to travel, starting from 15%, it saw a slight rise of 3% from 1982 to 1992, while the proportion had dipped to 10% by 2002.
サンプル：スタティック
サンプル４：表
The table below shows weekly consumption by age group of dairy products in a European country.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
問題文）The table below showsweekly consumption of dairy productsby age group in a European country.
パラフレイズ）The table illustratesthe amount of milk and butter consumed per week as well as the ratio of people who prefer full fat products to those who like low fat ones across four age groups in one European country.
Overall, the oldest group drinks milk the most, mainly low fat, and the 45-65 range group eat butter the most, whereas the youngest group consumes both milk and butter the least.
ボディ
ボディ 1：Milkの消費量の年代別の比較
消費量：
65歳以上グループが最も多い（1900ml）
25歳以下グループが最も少ない（1200ml）
26-45歳グループと45-65歳グループはほぼ同じ（1660ml前後）
With regards to milk consumption, people in the oldest age group (over 65) drink the most at 1900ml, whereas those in youngest group (under 25) the least at 1200ml. The consumption by the 26-45 age group is almost as much as by the 45-65 age group at around 1660ml.
Low fat / Full fat：
26歳以上グループ（26-45、45-65、65 over）はLow fatを好む
25歳以下グループはFull fatを好む傾向
More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk, whereas this trend is opposite for those under 26.
ボディ ２：Butterの消費量の年代別の比較
消費量：
45-65歳グループが60gで一番多い
（45-65歳の消費量は）65歳以上グループの2倍、25歳以下グループの5倍
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is the largest for all age groups and isfive times as much as that consumed by those under 25s.
Full fatとLow fatの比率：
25歳以下グループ：60％対40％
26-45歳グループ：38% 対62%
その他（45-65歳グループ、65歳以上グループ）はほぼ同じ(50％対50％)
The ratio of their preference of full fat butter to low fat one is 60% to 40% for the youngest group and 38% to 62% for 26-45-year-old bracket, while this ratio is almost equal for the remaining two age groups.
全体
The table illustrates the amount of milk and butter consumed per week as well as the ratio of people who prefer full fat products to those who like low fat ones across four age groups in one European country. Overall, the oldest group drinks milk the most, mainly low fat, and the 45-65 range group eat butter the most, whereas the youngest group consumes both milk and butter the least.
With regards to milk consumption, people in the oldest age group (over 65) drink the most at 1900ml, whereas those in youngest group (under 25) the least at 1200ml. The consumption by the 26-45 age group is almost as much as by the 45-65 age group at around 1660ml. More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk, whereas this trend is opposite for those under 26.
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is the largest for all age groups and is five times as much as that consumed by those under 25s. The ratio of their preference of full fat butter to low fat one is 60% to 40% for the youngest group and 38% to 62% for 26-45-year-old bracket, while this ratio is almost equal for the remaining two age groups.
サンプル５：円グラフ＆棒グラフ
The charts show the total usage proportions for water in Canada and a breakdown of its residential purposes.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Residentsは15％、Toilets and kitchenは10％で、washing clothes(20%)と比べるとResidents は3/4（15％/20％）、Toilets and kitchen（10％/20％）は半分。
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The chartsshowthe total usage proportions for water in Canada and a breakdown of its residential purposes.
パラフレイズ）The pie chartcomparesthe proportion of water consumption across six different categories and the bar chartillustratesthe purpose of the water use in residences by percentage, both of which come from data in Canada in 2005.
Overall, water consumption in houses accounted for the largest proportion. In residences, the water was used mainly for bathrooms and gardens.
ボディ
ボディ 1：円グラフの説明
Residential (houses 57% + apartment 13%)が合計で70％
According to the pie chart, the water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share in total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively.
Industries（11％）とBusiness（10％）はほぼ同じくらい
Following these two categories, industries consumed almost as much water as businesses, with the former at 11% and the latter at 10%.
GovernmentとOtherはそれぞれ6％と3％
The use in governmental bodies represented 6% and the other sector used half of that amount.
ボディ ２：棒グラフの説明
主に使用されているのはbathroomsとgardensでそれぞれ28％くらい
Turning to the bar chart, the main purpose of the water consumption in residences was for bathrooms and gardens at approximately 28% each, meaning that the majority of water was used for these two purposes.
Residentsは15％、Toilets and kitchenは10％で、washing clothes(20%)と比べるとResidents は3/4（15％/20％）、Toilets and kitchen（10％/20％）は半分。
Residents used 15% and 10% of water for toilets and kitchens, respectively, which was three-quarters and half of the amount for washing clothes (20%), respectively.
全体
The pie chart compares the proportion of water consumption across six different categories and the bar chart illustrates the purpose of the water use in residences by percentage, both of which come from data in Canada in 2005. Overall, water consumption in houses accounted for the largest proportion. In residences, the water was used mainly for bathrooms and gardens.
According to the pie chart, the water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share in total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. Following these two categories, industries consumed almost as much water as businesses, with the former at 11% and the latter at 10%. The use in governmental bodies represented 6% and the other sector used half of that amount.
Turning to the bar chart, the main purpose of the water consumption in residences was for bathrooms and gardens at approximately 28% each, meaning that the majority of water was used for these two purposes. Residents used 15% and 10% of water for toilets and kitchens, respectively, which was three-quarters and half of the amount for washing clothes (20%), respectively.
サンプル：地図
サンプル6：地図
The following diagrams show the present and planned developments in the biomedical campus of a university.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ボディ1：roads and the walkwayの変化
ボディ2：施設の変化
特徴の捉え方
ボディ1：roads and the walkwayの変化
Walkwayは変わらない
左側から下って右側へ通りぬけるRoadはなくなる
左側のRoadは下まで延長され下側にも新しくRoadができる
下側のRoadと左側のRoadは途中で繋がり三角形の道ができる
ボディ２：施設の変化
緑地にGeneticsとBio-imagingのビルを追加
Biochemistryのビルは鋭角のL字型のビルに拡大
Car parkingはStudent向けのCar parkingに変更
GeneticのビルはGenetic 2へ変更
Biotechのビルは隣にもう一つできて繋がる
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The following diagramsshow the present and planneddevelopments in the biomedical campus of a university.
パラフレイズ）The two mapsillustrate the existing arrangement and projectedchanges of a biomedical campus.
Overall
いくつかの設備が追加される
緑地は減る
道路の配置も変更
laboratoriesとwalkwayは変わらない
Overall, some facilities are expected to be addedby cutting trees down and relocating roads, while the locations of the laboratories and the walkway will remain unchanged.
As for the roads and the walkway, the existing walkway will stay the same but the road, which runs down the left side of the campus then through the full width to the right side, is planned to be extended to run along the whole left side of the campus and the other road will be moved to the bottom of the site.
下側のRoadと左側のRoadは途中で繋がり三角形の道ができる
Furthermore, this newly added road on the left side and the one at the bottom of the map will be connected by a through road, making a triangular-shaped area surrounded by the roads, which will be used as a staff car park.
ボディ ２：施設の変化
地図の左側
緑地にGeneticsとBio-imagingのビルを追加
Bochemistryのビルは鋭角のL字型のビルに拡大
With regards to the facilities, on the top left side of the campus, buildings for genetics and bio-imaging will be added by removing greenery. Moreover, the existing building for biochemistry will be expanded and changed into an acute-angle L-shape along the walkway and the new road.
地図の右側１
Car parkingはStudent向けのCar parkingに変更
GeneticのビルはGenetic 2へ変更
On the right side of the campus, the current car park will be exclusively for students and the name of the building for genetics is expected to be changed to “Genetics 2”.
地図の右側２
Biotechのビルは隣にもう一つできて繋がる
A new building for biotech will be built next to the existing one and both will be connected.
全体
The two maps illustrate the existing arrangement and projected changes of a biomedical campus. Overall, some facilities are expected to be added by cutting trees down and relocating roads, while the locations of the laboratories and the walkway will remain unchanged.
As for the roads and the walkway, the existing walkway will stay the same but the road, which runs down the left side of the campus then through the full width to the right side, is planned to be extended to run along the whole left side of the campus and the other road will be moved to the bottom of the site. Furthermore, this newly added road on the left side and the one at the bottom of the map will be connected by a through road, making a triangular-shaped area surrounded by the roads, which will be used as a staff car park.
With regards to the facilities, on the top left side of the campus, buildings for genetics and bio-imaging will be added by removing greenery. Moreover, the existing building for biochemistry will be expanded and changed into an acute-angle L-shape along the walkway and the new road. On the right side of the campus, the current car park will be exclusively for students and the name of the building for genetics is expected to be changed to “Genetics 2”. A new building for biotech will be built next to the existing one and both will be connected.
サンプル：プロセス
サンプル７：プロセス
The diagram below shows the process for recycling plastic bottles.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ボディ1：プロセスの前半（①～④）
ボディ2：プロセスの後半（⑤～⑨）
特徴の捉え方
一つ一つの流れを大まかに書く（あまり細かく書く必要はない）
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The diagram below showsthe process for recycling plastic bottles.
パラフレイズ）The diagram illustrateshow plastic bottles are recycled.
Overall
ボトルの回収からリサイクル製品の製造までの手作業/機械作業の9段階のプロセス
Overall, it is a circular process containing nine stages with both manual and mechanised processes starting from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
ボディ
ボディ 1：プロセスの前半（①～④）
①To start with, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container and ②a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre. There, ③staff working for the centre pick out the bottles manually in order to sort them into the recyclables and non-recyclables. After that, ④the vast number of recyclable bottles are compressed into a cubic block.
ボディ ２：プロセスの後半（⑤～⑨）
Next, ⑤the compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by sharp, circular rollers, and then the crushed pieces are dropped into a container filled with liquid to be washed. Then, ⑥the small pieces of washed plastics are converted into pellets by a machine. ⑦The pellets are then heated until they melt and ⑧form raw materials from which ⑨some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags, are made. ①Some of these products are then throw away into the recycling and the process starts again.
circular processなので①に戻ることを最後に追加した
全体
The diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled. Overall, it is a circular process containing nine stages with both manual and mechanised processes starting from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
To start with, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container and a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre. There, staff working for the centre pick out the bottles manually in order to sort them into the recyclables and non-recyclables. After that, the vast number of recyclable bottles are compressed into a cubic block.
Next, the compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by sharp, circular rollers, and then the crushed pieces are dropped into a container filled with liquid to be washed. Then, the small pieces of washed plastics are converted into pellets by a machine. The pellets are then heated until they melt and form raw materials from which some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags, are made. Some of these products are then throw away into the recycling and the process starts again.
