最終更新日：2024年12月22日
IELTS（アイエルツ）7.0対策 – Writing Task 1
表１：覚えるべき単語
表２：使える表現・書き方
IELTS Writing Task 1 General information
はじめに
タスク１は、グラフ・表・地図・プロセスのどれかが出題される。
内容は異なるが、書き方にはパターンがある。つまり、表現方法（＝このグラフにはこの表現）をおさえれば、IELTSのOutputの中で最もパターン化しやすい。表現方法をマスターすれば20分でも焦らずに書ける。
高得点を狙うには多くの表現方法を覚えて機械的にパラフレイズを多くできるようになること。例えば、増えた傾向を表すのにincreaseを何回も使ってしまっては文法的に正しくてもスコアは出ない。
データ・地図の”比較”を意識した書き方をすること（プロセス以外）。グラフや表に複数の要素があり、地図も2枚（過去と現在、現在と未来など）出題されるのは、比較をさせることが目的である。
時間配分＆書く前にやること
Writing全体の時間配分
タスク２からスタートさせ、タスク２を40分（できれば38分）で終わらせる。その後タスク１に残りの20分を使う。（Task 1とTask 2は合わせて1時間、どちらから始めてもよい）
タスク２の方が採点割合が高い（Task 1 : 1/3、Task２：2/3）ので、タスク２を気持ち的余裕をもってクオリティを高めた方がよい。
タスク2の方が採点割合が高いとは言え、タスク1の得点が低いと6.5以上をとるのは厳しい。
Writing Task 1の時間配分＆書く前にやるべきこと
20分の内、5分は何をどう書くかを練る時間、15分は書く時間（+余裕があれば見直す時間）。5分の何をどう書くかを練る時間がTask 1の出来を左右するので、焦ってもしっかりと練る時間はつくる。
５分間で次のSTEP１～STEP４をします。
よくありがちなのが問題文を軽く読んで、グラフ・表・地図・プロセスを細かく見ようとする人がいますが、問題文はしっかりと先ず読むことがグラフ・表・地図・プロセスをしっかり理解する第1歩です。
問題文を読むときは、後にパラフレイズすることになるので、下線/マーキングをしながらしっかりと読みましょう。
字数制限
最低150字：180字～230字を目安。特徴を捉えればいいので最大字数制限はないができるだけ200字程度にする。
文字と文字の間隔が広いと最低文字数に達していない場合がある。Paper basedテストの場合、自分が普通に書いて1行に何文字書くかを本番の用紙を使って把握しておくこと。
各パラグラフの文字数についてはパラグラフ構成と各パラグラフの文字数をご覧ください。
出題形式（10パターン）
Task 1は次の10パターンの中から出題される。
- ダイナック棒グラフ
- ダイナミック折れ線グラフ
- ダイナミック円グラフ
- ダイナミック表
- スタティック棒グラフ
- スタティック円グラフ
- スタティック表
- 地図
- プロセス
- グラフ/表コンビネーション
全ての問題タイプで2個づつ（合計20）サンプル問題と回答＆解説を用意しました。もし時間がない場合にはこの20サンプルの書き方を暗記してください。ここで紹介している覚えるべき単語や使える表現・書き方を結構網羅していますので暗記をする中で単語や表現を学べます。
詳しくは下の解説をチェック👇👇👇
出題されるグラフ・表
出題されるのはグラフ（棒・折れ線・円グラフ）・表・地図・プロセス、もしくは複数のグラフと表の組合せ。
グラフ・表にはダイナミック（時間経過のグラフ・表）とスタティック（あるひと時のグラフ・表）がある。
ダイナミックグラフ・表は”変化を表す表現“と比較する表現を主に使う、スタティックグラフ・表は”状態を表す表現“と比較する表現を主に使う。(ダイナミックで覚える単語・使える表現、スタティックで覚える単語・使える表現、共通して使える単語をそれぞれご覧ください。)
ダイナミックグラフ・表
一定期間での何かの変化を表しているグラフや表
E.g.) 1982年から2002年までのある市立図書館でのジャンル別の本の貸出割合
スタティックグラフ・表
あるひと時の状態を比較しているグラフや表
E.g.) ある国の”ある年”のUKと日本からの種類別の食料品輸入割合
グラフ・表・地図・プロセスの種類（10パターン）
棒グラフ (Bar chart)
ダイナミック/スタティック
折れ線グラフ (Line chart)
ダイナミック（スタティックはない）
円グラフ (Pie chart)
ダイナミック/スタティック
表 (Table)
ダイナミック/スタティック
地図 (Map)
e.g., 街の昔と今 (or 将来), 火山噴火前と後の変化
プロセス (Process)
e.g., アルミ缶のリサイクル工程
グラフと表が出やすい。プロセスは比較の要素がないので出題確率は低い。グラフ・表の表現は使いまわしができるので、まずグラフ・表の表現方法を優先的にマスターする。
公式問題集
これまでに発売されたIELTS公式問題集に載っているWriting Task 1の問題タイプをまとめました。購入の際の参考にしてください。
公式問題集Writing Task 1問題タイプリスト
| 公式問題集 | ダイナック棒グラフ | ダイナミック折れ線グラフ | ダイナミック円グラフ | ダイナミック表 | スタティック棒グラフ | スタティック円グラフ | スタティック表 | コンビ(S:スタティック / D:ダイナミック) | 地図 | プロセス |
| 19 | Test 1 | Test 4 (S円 & S棒) | Test 2 | Test 3 | ||||||
| 18 | Test 2 | Test 1 Test 4 | Test 3 | |||||||
| 17 | Test 3 | Test 4 | Test 2 (D表 & D円) | Test 1 | ||||||
| 16 | Test 1 | Test 3 | Test 2 Test 4 | |||||||
| 15 | Test 2 | Test 1 | Test 4 (S円 & S表) | Test 3 | ||||||
| 14 | Test 1 | Test 2 (D棒 & S表) | Test 4 | Test 3 | ||||||
| 13 | Test 2 | Test 3 | Test 1 Test 4 | |||||||
| 12 | Test 3 | Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 4 | ||||||
| 11 | Test 3 | Test 2 | Test 1 | Test 4 (D表 & D円) | ||||||
| 10 | Test 2 | Test 3 | Test 1 | Test 4 | ||||||
| 9 | Test 2 | Test 4 | Test 3 | Test 1 | ||||||
| 8 | Test 4 | Test 2 | Test 1 (S円 & S表) | Test 3 | ||||||
| 7 | Test 3 | Test 2 | Test 4 | Test 1 | ||||||
| 6 | Test 4 | Test 2 | Test 1 (D折れ線 & S表) | Test 3 | ||||||
| 5 | Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 4 | Test 3 | ||||||
| 4 | Test 3 | Test 1 | Test 2 (D折れ線 & S円) Test 4 (D折れ線 & S棒) | |||||||
| 3 | Test 3 | Test 4 | Test 2 | Test 1 (D棒 & D折れ線) | ||||||
| 2 | Test 4 | Test 1 Test 3 | Test 2 | |||||||
| 1 | Test 1 (S棒 & S円) Test 3 (S棒 & D折れ線) | Test 4 | Test 2 |
採点項目（6.0と7.0の比較）
採点項目は次の4項目：
これらの採点項目を簡単にまとめると次の4点が高得点をとるのに必要になる。
１．特徴が捉えられていること（＝インストラクションパラグラフにOverall—（概要）が書かれていること）
２．文と文の接続語句
３．パラフレイズ
４．色々な構文の使用
Task 1は難しい単語を入れようと努力するよりも正確にこの4点をおさえること。
Task achievement
6.0
- addresses the requirements of the task
- presents an overview with information appropriately selected
- presents and adequately highlights key features/ bullet points but details may be irrelevant, inappropriate or inaccurate
7.0
- covers the requirements of the task
- presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages
- clearly presents and highlights key features/bullet points and/or word formation but could be more fully extended
7.0を獲得するにはTask achievementにおいて、次の3点をクリアする必要がある。
1. covers the requirements of the task
与えられたグラフ/表/地図/プロセスは何を表しているのかを特徴と比較が書かれていること。
covers the requirements of the taskの”requirement”とは問題文のことで、大体の問題文は”Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. “となっている。
つまり、目立つ特徴をしっかりと書くこと（逆に言えば細かいところを書く必要はない）。また、グラフ・表では数値を適切に書くこと。
2. presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages
主なトレンド(傾向)や要所要所の違いの概要がはっきりと書かれていること。IntroductionではOverall—として全体の概要を書くこと。
3. clearly presents and highlights key features/bullet points and/or word formation but could be more fully extended
グラフ/表/地図/プロセスの特徴が明確に書かれていること。
Coherence and cohesion
6.0
- arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression
- uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical
- may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
7.0
- logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout
- uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use
7.0を獲得するにはCoherence and cohesionにおいて、次の2点をクリアする必要がある。
1. logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout
論理的に情報がまとめられていること。
文章を読むだけでグラフ、表、地図、プロセスの内容を想像できること。
2. uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use
いろいろな接続詞、文と文をつなぐ語句が適切に使われていること。
Signposting words (文の先頭にあるその文と前の文との関係を示す語句)を適切に使うこと。何を比較しているのか、どのような特徴を言いたいのかを明確にさせる。
Signposting wordsの使い方
Steelの製造量：
1月：4000 tonから始まり
2月：1000 ton増加（5000 ton）
3月：4000 tonに戻る
3月から7月：4000 tonを保つ
8月：3000 tonちょっとまで下がる
9月：5000 tonにまで増加
9月から12月：1000 tonにまでだんだんと下がる
* tonnes: British English, tons: American English
Signposting wordがない文 ＝ 単調にいつどうなったかが書かれているだけの文
The amount of steel manufactured started from 4000 tonnes in January. It increased by 1000 tonnes in February and reverted back to 4000 tonnes in March. The amount levelled off between March and July at the 4000 mark. In August, this figure dropped to just above 3000 tonnes. It surged to nearly 5000 tonnes in September. From September to December, it continuously declined to just under 1000 tonnes in December.
Signposting wordがる文（＋ 時間の経過の表現を変更) = 読み進めながらグラフを想像しやすい文
The line graph illustrates the amount of steel manufactured every month during a year with starting from 4000 tonnes in January. After that, the figure increased by 1000 tonnes in the next month before reverting back to 4000 tonnes in March. Subsequently, the amount levelled off at the 4000 mark until July. Furthermore, in the following month, there was a drop to just above 3000 tonnes. Although it surged to nearly 5000 tonnes in September, the quantity continuously declined from October to December to just under 1000 tonnes, which is less than a quarter of the figure in January.
絶対覚えておくべきSignposting words
—について述べる(about—よりフォーマル)
With respect to …/ In terms of … / With regards to …/ As for …/ Concerning…
情報を追加する
Furthermore, … / Moreover, …
同じようなポイントを述べる
Similarly, … / Likewise, … / Also, …
比較する
By contrast, … / Unlike …/ Conversely, …
—ではあるけれども/—だとしても
Although … / Even though … / However, …/ Nevertheless, …/Despite, …
結果を述べる
Therefore, … / Subsequently, … / As a result (of), …/ As a consequence (of), …
続いての状態を述べる
After that, … / …, after then …
複数のグラフ・表が問題に与えられたときは、ボディ1：”According to—” / ボディ２：”Turning to —-“のSignposting wordsでスタートさせて、それぞれのパラグラフがどのグラフについて書かれているかを明確にする。
ボディ１：According to the pie chart, water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share of the total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively.
—-(続)その他Pie chartから言えること
ボディ２：Turning to the bar chart, the main purpose of water consumption in residences was for bathrooms and gardens at approximately 28% each, meaning that the majority of water was used for these two purposes.
—-(続)その他bar chartから言えること
Lexical resource
6.0
- uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task
- attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy
- makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication
7.0
- uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision
- uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation
- may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation
7.0を獲得するにはLexical resourceにおいて、次の3点をクリアする必要がある。
1. uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision
同じ単語の繰り返しの使用は絶対に避ける。常にパラフレイズすることを心掛ける。特に連続する2つの文で同じ単語は絶対に避ける。
パラフレイズのない文
The number of burglaries started in first place out of the three kinds of crimes, standing at just below 3500 in 2003, before slightly increasing to nearly 3800 in 2004. After that, the number of burglaries continuously decreased to approximately 1200 in 2008. Subsequently, after it showed an increasing trend to just below 1500 in 2009, the figure levelled off at 1500 until 2012.
パラフレイズのある文
The number of burglaries started in first place out of the three kinds of crimes, standing at just below 3500 in 2003, before slightly increasing to nearly 3800 in 2004. After that, the figure continuously dropped to approximately 1200 in 2008. Subsequently, after it showed an upward trend to just below 1500 in the next year, the figure plateaued at the same level until the end of the period.
パラフレイズした箇所
number of burglaries ⇒ the figure
Increasing ⇒ upward （decreaseももう一回出てくる場合にはdropなどに変える）
2009 ⇒ the next year (すべてin 20XXと書かない)
2012 ⇒ the end of the period (すべてin 20XXと書かない)
1500 ⇒ the same level (すべての数字をダイレクトに書かない)
Task 1 イントロダクションパラグラフ（最初のパラグラフ）の問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら。
2. uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation
正しいコロケーションで使うこと。コロケーションとは単語と単語の組合せのことで、文法的には正しくても組合せが悪いと通じない。
Writing Task 2のLexical resourceでも同じようにコロケーションは大切になるが、Task 1ではグラフ・表の説明ではTask 2ほどコロケーションに注意する場面は多くない。
3. may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation
正しく単語を選択すること。
書き言葉で書かれていること（Speakingで加点要素になったPhrasal verbなどは話し言葉でWritingでは減点要素になるので注意！）
Grammatical range and accuracy
6.0
- uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms
- makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication
7.0
- uses a variety of complex structures
- produces frequent error-free sentences
- has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors
7.0を獲得するにはGrammatical range and accuracyにおいて、次の3点をクリアする必要がある。
1. uses a variety of complex structures
いろいろな構文をいれること。全ての構文が能動態で同じ主語の文を繰り返してしまうとスコアは伸びない。意識的に受動態、能動態、There is/are構文や単文(S+Vのみの文)と複文(S+V 接続詞 S+V)を混ぜてGrammatical rangeの広さをアピールして得点につなげる。
同じ文ばかり書いてしまう人は、主語を変えられないかと考える習慣をつける。（特に時間に追われて考える余裕がないと同じ言い方の繰り返しになってしまうので日頃から違う構文への言い方を練習しておく。）
主語を変えるポイント
ポイント１：Number/Figure (数)やProportion/Percentage（割合）を主語にする
The number of individuals who participated in the film clubs was just below 65 in 2000, which gradually dipped to almost 60 in 2010, before it recovered to slightly above 65 in 2020.
👉フィルムクラブ(film clubs)に参加した人の数は2000年に65人だったが、2010年に60人に下がって、2020年に65人にあがった。（it=number）
In 2007, the number of visits reached its highest level, with a modest increase of 65,000, while total expenses slightly decreased by £42 million.
👉2007年に訪問者の数は65000人上がって最高値に達したが、（訪問者の）出費は£42 million減った。
The proportion of individuals migrating to accompany others was similar, at 15% for immigrants and 13% for emigrants.
👉誰かと一緒になるために移住した人の割合はほぼ同じで、immigrantsは15％でemigrantsは13％だった。
The proportion of visitors who rated their experience as “dissatisfied” was highest in the year before the refurbishment, at 40%.
👉”dissatisfied”（がっかり）と評価した人の訪問者の割合は改修前は40％で最大だった。
ポイント２：人やものを主語にする
The second highest earning households experienced a moderate rise concluding the period at 15 million.
👉二番目に所得が高い世帯は少し増え期間の最後では15 million人だった。
A new facility containing showers and toilets has been constructed on the north side of the car park, which now connects directly to the main road.
👉シャワーとトイレを含む新しい設備がmain roadにつながっている駐車場の北側に作られた。（地図）
Kyoto’s subway is the smallest at just 11 km and serves 45 million passengers annually. Similarly, Los Angeles operates a 28 km network with 50 million annual users.
👉京都の地下鉄は全長11㎞で最も小さく年間45 millionの乗客に利用されている。同様に Los Angelesは全長28㎞、年間利用者50 millionの地下鉄を運行している。
対比（whileなど）を使って2文をつなげる場合、1文目を数を主語にして、2文目を人を主語にすれば同じ書き方の繰り返しを避けれる。
By 2015, the number of the richest households had risen sharply to around 33 million, while the two lowest-earning groups showed slightly declining trends of about one million each, ending at around 27 to 28 million.
👉最も裕福な世帯の数は33million世帯に一気に上がり、所得の少ない2つ（最貧層と二番目の貧しい層）のグループは1million程度減り27－28millionくらいになった。
ポイント３：行動を主語にする
The production of sawn wood commenced at 200 million tonnes in 1980 declined steadily to 150 million tonnes in 1990 and further dropped to just below 130 million tonnes by 2000.
👉1980年に200million tonからスタートしたsawn woodの生産は1990年に150million tonまで徐々に減り、2000年には130million ton弱までさらに減った。
Healthcare expenditure was markedly higher in the United States, at nearly 8%, whereas all other countries allocated less than 5% to medical expenses.
👉Healthcareへの支出はUnited Statesでは8％と非常に高く、一方で他の国は5％未満だった。
In Brisbane and Adelaide, visiting cafés was less popular, with 55% and about 48% of residents, respectively, engaging in this activity.
👉Brisbane and Adelaideでは、カフェに行くことはあまり人気がなく、それぞれ55％と48％の住人がそうしていた。
ポイント４：There is (was)/There are (were)構文にする
Between these two years, there was a marginal growth of 1% in the number of people volunteering in healthcare category, though the proportion remained the smallest category at 7% in 2008 and 8% in 2014.
👉これらの2年間で、healthcare categoryでボランティアをした人の数は1％増えたが、その割合は2008年では7％、2014年では8％と最小だった。
Overall, there were upward trends in most categories, with total spending showing the largest proportional growth.
👉全体的に全てのカテゴリで増加する傾向にあり、total spendingは割合的に最も大きな増加があった。
To the south and west of the docks, there was previously a marina for private yachts, along with showers, toilets, and a car park connected to the main road running north to south.
👉船着き場（Dock）の南と西側のエリアでは、プライベートヨット用のマリーナが、シャワー、トイレ、南北にはしるmain roadにつながる駐車場に沿ってあった。（地図）
思いついた文が、能動態、受動態、There is/are構文、分詞構文、付帯状況のwith、接続詞（conversely → while/whereas）に変換できないかを常に考えながら書く。
同じ主語だけの文
The number of emigrants that Australia accepted in 2004 and 2005 was around 40,000 in each year. The figure surged to just above 50,000 in 2006 and dropped to approximately 43,000 the next year. The number of emigrants entering Spain was different. The figure stood at about 35,000 in 2004 and also in 2005. The number declined to about 33,000 in 2006 and further decreased to about 28,000 in 2007.
主語を変えて接続詞・分詞構文を使った文
Australia accepted around 40,000 emigrants in 2004 and 2005, while the number surged to just above 50,000 in 2006 and dropped to approximately 43,000 the next year. A different trend was seen in Spain with the number standing at about 35,000 in 2004 and also in 2005, before declining to about 33,000 in 2006. In the subsequent year, there was a further decrease to about 28,000.
- 無生物主語：Australiaが主語
- 能動態：the numberが主語
- 受動態：A different trendが主語
- There is/are構文の使用
2. produces frequent error-free sentences
スペルミスのない文を書く
3. has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors
文法的（冠詞、前置詞、三人称のS、単数/複数、コンマ/ピリオドなど）に正しい文を書く
使う時制
過去のことは過去形、現在のことは現在形、未来のことは未来形で書くのが基本。グラフ・表・地図で未来の予想が書いてある場合には未来形を使う。
ダイナミックグラフ・表
ダイナミックグラフ・表には、毎年の変化を表すブラフ（主に折れ線ブラフ）と一定期間ごとの変化を表すグラフがある。
”ずっと上がり続けていた（いる）”を表す場合でも進行形は使わない。進行形は一時的な要素を含むので長い期間の表現には適さない。
毎年の変化の場合
何年にどうなったかが分かるのでその年のことを過去形で表す。
「2010年にburglaryの数は3500からスタートした」、「2011年に(3500から)数百上がった」などは”began — in 2010″や”increased — in 2011″で、「（その後）2015年にかけて1000まで下がった」などは”decreased — until 2015″のように過去形で書く。
With regards to burglary, the number began at just below 3500 cases in 2010, which was the highest among the three categories, before increasing by a few hundred in 2011 and then declining continuously until 2015 to just 1000. After that, the figure rose to nearly 1500 in 2016 and levelled off until 2018, before dropping slightly to just under 1500 in 2019.
一定期間ごとの変化
期間内での変化を表して、何年にどうなったとは書けない場合は、過去形だけではなく過去完了形も使う。
この場合、1982年から1992年にかけて10年間で20％から25％に増えた。1992年にいきなり20％から25％に増えたのではないので”increased — in 1992″とは書けない。
例えば、Adult fictionは、過去完了を使って”1992年まで(by 1992)”に（20％から）25％に増えたと表現するか、過去形で”1982年から2002年の間に（During the decade from 1982 to 2002)”（20％から）5％増えたと表現する。
過去形でincreased by 5% in 1992と書いてしまうと、1992年に5％増えたことになってしまう。ただし、1982年に20％だったというのは過去の事実なので、stood at 20% (one fifth) in 1982と過去形で書く。
The categories of adult fiction and children’s fiction underwent continuous growth. Both stood at one fifth in 1982, and the former had grown to a quarter and the latter had risen by 2% by 1992. During the two decades from 1982 to 2002, adult fiction sales more than doubled to represent 45% and children’s fiction rose by 5%, resulting in the subtotal proportion of these two genres making up a 70% share in 2002.
スタティックグラフ・表
一時点のことを示しているので、過去の状態のことは過去形、現在の状態のことは現在形で書く。
地図
過去形、過去完了形、現在形、現在完了形、（未来形）を適切に使って現在の状態や過去の状態を表す。
過去形は過去の一時点のできごとのみを表すが、現在完了形は過去のできごとが今まで続いていることを表し、過去完了形は過去のできごとが過去の時点まで続いていたことを表す。
過去の地図と過去の地図の比較：過去形か過去完了形
過去完了形
By 2010, the library had been replaced with an art museum.
2010年の時点では図書館は美術館になっていた。
過去形
The library was replaced with an art museum.
図書館は美術館になった。（地図からでは今はどうなってるか分からないが少なくとも過去に美術館になったことは事実）
過去の地図と現在の地図の比較：過去形か現在完了形
過去形は過去の事実のみ、現在完了形は過去のことが現在まで続いていることを表すが、現在の地図がある場合過去形を使っても現在もその状態であることは事実なので、過去形と現在完了形を厳密に区別する必要性は低い。
現在完了形
The library has been replaced with an art museum.
図書館は美術館になった（美術館になった状態が続いており今も美術館のままである）。
過去形
The library was replaced with an art museum.
図書館は美術館になった。
過去形はreplaceされた過去の事実のみを表すが、現在の地図から今も美術館であることは明らかなので過去形でもよい。
現在完了形
The footpath has been changed to a cycling road.
歩道はサイクリングロードになった（いまもサイクリングロードのままである）。
過去形
The footpath was changed to a cycling road.
歩道はサイクリングロードになった。
過去形はchangeされた過去の事実のみを表すが、現在の地図から今もサイクリングロードであることは明らかなので過去形でもよい。
過去/現在の地図と未来の地図の比較：過去形/現在形と未来形か未来完了形
未来完了形：「何年までにどうなっている」は未来完了形で表すことができる。
Demolition of the university buildings will have been completed by 2030.
（大学校舎の解体は2030年に完了する予定です）
未来の表現方法もチェックしておいてください。
プロセス
順番に現在形を使ってプロセスを書いていく。
未来の表現方法
ダイナミック/スタティック グラフ・表
be expected (to do), expectedly, expect
It is expected that the figure will increase continuously from 2023 to 2025.
The figure is expected to increase continuously from 2023 to 2025.
The continuous increase of the figure is expected from 2023 to 2025.
Expectedly, the figure will increase continuously from 2023 to 2025.
Experts/people expect that the figure will increase continuously from 2023 to 2025.
be projected / predicted (to do)
be forecast / estimated (to do)
地図
planned/scheduled
The library, which is currently on the east side of the city, is planned to be relocated to the north side.
The museum is scheduled to be renovated to facilitate a new step-free access toilet.
plan (名詞)
The university has a plan to renovate the library to install new computers and printers.
be (due) to do
The road is to be paved and trees are to be planted alongside the pavement. (道路は舗装され、木々が植えられる予定)
The hospital is due to be constructed next to the school in 2030. (2030年に学校の隣に病院ができる予定)
IELTS Writing Task 1 How to Write
Writing Task 1の構成
パラグラフ構成
構成はどんな場合でもイントロダクション→ボディ１→ボディ２の3パラグラフ構成にする。
グラフ・表・地図・プロセスの特徴を2つにグルーピングしてボディ１とボディ２に分けて書く。
イントロダクションパラグラフ、ボディ１パラグラフ、ボディ２パラグラフの間は１行開けてパラグラフの境目をはっきりとさせる。
イントロダクション
イントロダクションでは、問題のグラフ・表・地図・プロセスが何を表していて（1文目）、どのような特徴があるのか（2文目）をまとめる。
1文目：パラフレイズ
Task1の1文目は、グラフ・表・地図・プロセスが何を表しているのかを書く。問題文にそのグラフ・表・地図・プロセスが何を表しているか書かれているので、問題文のパラフレイズ（問題文を意味を変えずに違う言い方で書く）をする必要がある。
問題文）The graph below shows the number of tourist and business person vising Japan between 2010 and 2020.
この問題文の文を意味は同じで違う言い方で書く
詳しくはイントロダクション・パラフレイズにて
2文目：Overall
Task1の2文目は、全体の大きな特徴 の概要を書く。 ”Overall—”からスタートして、大雑把な特徴を書く。基本数字は入れない。
インストラクション（問題文のパラフレイズとOverall—）だけで何がどうなっているのか概要が分かるように書く。
詳しくはイントロダクション・Overallにて
ボディ１、ボディ２
グラフ・表・地図・プロセスの大きな特徴を説明する。つまり、Overall—でイントロダクションに書いた内容を詳しく書く。
要素が複数ある場合には必ず比較を入れる。
グラフ・表の場合、数字をいれて説明し、細かい内容は無視する。
各パラグラフの文字数
各パラグラフに文字数制限はありませんが、全体的な感覚としてボディパラグラフがイントロダクションパラグラフより大きくなる感じが理想です。
20％～30%
35％～40％
35％～40％
イントロダクションパラグラフ (パラグラフ１）
イントロダクションパラグラフ：問題文のパラフレイズ
パラフレイズとは
Task1の最初の1文は、ブラフ/表/地図/プロセスが何を表しているのかを書くことからスタートする。何を表しているかは問題文に書いてあるので（Ex. The chart below shows —）、1文目では問題文をパラフレイズすることになる。（問題文のコピペは絶対にダメ）
パラフレイズとは、意味を変えずに違う表現/単語で書くこと。日本語でも、「このグラフは日本の年間降水量を月別に示している」をパラフレイズすると「このグラフは日本の1年を通しての雨量を各月毎に示している」にできる。
パラフレイズのスキルは大学で論文を作成する際に必ず使う。例えば他の参考文献での内容を自分の論文に参照させるときには、ただコピペするのではなくパラフレイズして自分の論文に入れることが要求される。
全ての単語を変える必要はない。パラフレイズはあくまで違う単語や語句での言い換え。単語の説明ではない（NG: student ⇒ a person who is studying at a school.）
(Q：問題文)
The chart below shows the changes that took place in three different areas of crime in Mexico City from 2010 to 2019.
(P：パラフレイズ)
The line graph illustrates how the number of criminal incidents in three categories in Mexico City changed between 2010 and 2019.
(Q：問題文)
The charts show information about the percentage of men and women aged 60-64 who were employed in four countries in 2000 and 2020.
⇓
(P：パラフレイズ)
The two bar graphs compare four countries in terms of the proportion of males and females in employment aged between 60 and 64 in 2000 and 2020.
パラフレイズのやり方
問題文のパラフレイズ（最初の１文目）で時間を使い過ぎないようにパラフレイズの方法を事前に覚えておく。
それぞれの説明は下の解説をご覧ください👇👇👇
１．必ず問題文に入っている動詞のパラフレイズ
結構多くの頻度で”give information on—”か”show”が問題文に使われている。これらは必ずillustrate, demonstrate, compareなど違う動詞に置き換える。
(Q) : Question / (P) : Paraphrase
「—を示している」
(Q) give information on—/show ⇔ (P) illustrate ⇔ (P) demonstrate
「—について—を比較している」
(Q) give information on—/show ⇔ (P) compare — in terms of — ⇔ (P) compare — across (A and B) ⇔ (P) provide a comparison between -A- and -B-.
compare — across — (A and B)の使い方
This graph compares the trends of electricity demand in a day across summer and winter.
The pie chart compares the proportion of water consumption across six different categories.
(six different categories: 6つに分けられたフィールド間（industry, residential, business…）での比較)
The table compares the proportion of young children studying English across four types of secondary schools in 2000, 2005 and 2009.
２．動詞以外の単語のパラフレイズ
その他動詞関係（過去分詞/現在分詞）のパラフレイズ
(Q) amount of goods transported ⇔ (P) amount of goods carried
(Q) when they go to live in other countries ⇔ (P) when they move to foreign countries
名詞をパラフレイズ (Google: 〇〇〇 synonym（同意語）で検索)
(Q) percentage ⇔ (P) proportion (proportion: 割合(%)は頻出単語なので必ず覚える)
(Q) (line) chart⇔(P) (line) graph
(Q) use ⇔ (P) consumption
(Q) demand (for) ⇔ (P) need (for)
(Q) projections ⇔ (P) predictions : 未来の場合
(Q) (from) outside of the country ⇔ (P) (from) different regions/foreign countries
(Q) (by) country of origin ⇔ (P) (by) original nations
(Q) amount of goods transported ⇔ (P) quantity of goods transported
(Q) pupils ⇔ (P) young children
(Q) challenges that people face⇔ (P) difficulties that people face
(Q) kinds of ⇔ (P) genres of
(Q) area ⇔ (P) category
３．名詞 を ”how + 動詞”にパラフレイズ
(Q) changes that took place in three different areas of crime
⇔ (P) how the number of incidents of crime in three categories changed
(Q) changes of the arrangement ⇔ (P) how the arrangement changed
(Q) process of car manufacturing ⇔ (P) process of how cars are manufactured
４．期間をパラフレイズ
(Q) yearly ⇔ (P) annually
(Q) every year ⇔ (P) annual
(Q) weekly ⇔ (P) per week
(Q) yearly ⇔ (P) per year
(Q) from 2003 to 2008⇔ (P) between 2003 and 2008
(Q) in 1980, 2000 and 2020 ⇔ (P) from 1980 to 2020 at two-decade intervals
何年刻みでと書くときは必ずハイフン(-)を入れて、intervalsと複数形にする。
at five–year intervals = 1995 → 2000 → 2005 → 2010
at two–decade intervals = 1950 → 1970 → 1990 → 2010
(Q) for two weeks ⇔ (P) over a two-week period
(Q) from January to December⇔ (P) throughout a year / over a year
(Q) from 2000 ⇔ (P) from 2000 onwards (2000年以降続く場合)
The population in Japan began to decrease from 2000 onwards: 日本の人口は2000年以降が始まった。
５．少し具体的にパラフレイズ
(Q) charts ⇔ (P) pie charts
(Q) sales ⇔ (P) sales figures/data
(Q) price of tickets on one airline ⇔ (P) fluctuations in airline ticket price
(Q) consumption of dairy products ⇔ (P) amount of milk and butter consumed
(Q) university sports courts ⇔ (P) layout of sports facilities in a university
(Q) residents living in Australia ⇔ (P) the number of residents in Australia
(Q) according to different nationalities and areas ⇔ (P) by nationalities and their residing areas
(Q) in some countries ⇔ (P) in four countries (nations)
(Q) total number of minutes of telephone calls ⇔ (P) how many minutes people in the UK spent on phone calls
(Q) in two seasons ⇔ (P) in summer and winter
(Q) genres of books sold by a bookseller ⇔ (P) categorised breakdown of books sold by a bookseller
(Q) expertise ⇔ (P) a high level of knowledge or skills.
６．関係代名詞使ってパラフレイズ
(Q) amount of goods transported ⇔ (P) quantity of goods which were carried
(Q) number of visitors in the UK ⇔ (P)number of people who visited the UK
(Q) books sold by a bookseller ⇔ (P) books which were sold by a bookseller
７．その他パラフレイズ
(Q) and ⇔ (P) as well as
プロセスの場合のパラフレイズ
プロセスの場合は以下の表現で—の工程を表現することで問題文をパラフレイズできる。
of —ing
This diagram illustrates the process of recycling plastic bottles.
how
This diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled.
by which
This diagram illustrates the process by which plastic bottles are recycled.
イントロダクションパラグラフ：全体の傾向のOverall
1文目でブラフ/表/地図/プロセスが何を表しているのか（問題文のパラフレイズ）を書いた後は、2文目にそのブラフ/表/地図/プロセスにどんな特徴があるのかをざっくりと書く。全体の傾向や何が最も大きい/小さいなど大雑把な特徴を書く。
ダイナミックグラフ・表
ダイナミックグラフ・表のOverall—は期間の最初と最後を比較して増えた/減ったの傾向を書く。
ダイナミックグラフ・表 Overallで使える単語・表現
Trend
時間の経過による変化があるダイナミックグラフ/表で、どの様な傾向があるのかを書くのには”Trend“は最もよく使える表現なので必ず覚えておく。(2つの年を比較してトレンドというのは微妙、3つ以上の年が出てきた場合に使う方がよい)
上っている傾向にある：an upward trend / an increasing trend / a growing trend
下がっている傾向にある：a downward trend/ a decreasing trend / a declining trend
どのようなTrendかを表すのに使える動詞はshow, see, undergo, experienceの4つをおさえる。（同じ動詞の繰り返しではスコアはでないので、上がっているTrendと下がっているTrendで動詞は変える）
The amount of meat exported underwent an upward trend, while that imported saw a downward trend.
The population of London showed an increasing trend, while that of Tokyo underwent a decreasing trend.
The sales of electric cars in Japan experienced a growing trend, while that of diesel cars saw a declining trend.
対比表現
傾向（Trend）や比較を書く場合には、接続詞、副詞、前置詞（句）を用いて項目を比較する。イントロダクションで不必要に時間を取られないように各パターンを覚えておくこと。
増えたグループと減ったグループを対比させて、「—は増えたが、一方—は減った」と書く。
接続詞：while / whereas (whereasは文頭では使えない)
The export of furniture showed an upward trend, while/whereas that of computers underwent a downward trend.
副詞：conversely, However (反対に), similarly (同様に)
The export of furniture showed an upward trend. Conversely, the trade volume of computers underwent a downward trend.
The export of meat showed an upward trend. Similarly, the trade volume of fish exported increased during the period surveyed.
前置詞(句)：unlike, in comparison, on the other hand, in contrast
Unlike the export of furniture, which showed an upward trend, the trade volume of computers underwent a downward trend.
The export of furniture showed an upward trend. In comparison, the trade volume of computers underwent a downward trend.
The export of furniture increased during the period. On the other hand, the trade volume of computers underwent a downward trend.
比較級
項目の比較を入れながら全体の傾向を書くこともできる。
A higher amount of energy is consumed in winter than in summer.
The typical daily demand for electricity in England is generally higher in winter than in summer.
スタティックグラフ・表
スタティックグラフ/表はダイナミックとは異なり時間の経過による変化がない。なので、どの様に変化したかではなく、どのような状態なのか大きな特徴を書く。具体的には、
- 一番大きいもの/小さいものは何か？
- 大半を占めるもの（Majority）と少数派のもの（Minority）は何か？
比較できれば、一番大きいものと一番小さいものの比較、MajorityとMinorityの比較を書く。
スタティックグラフ・表 Overall使える単語・表現
最上級
いちばん大きい・多い
Meat sales represented the highest proportion in 2020.
Meat was the most sold product in 2020.
The most sold product in 2020 was meat.
いちばん小さい・少ない
Meat sales represented the lowest proportion in 2020.
Meat was the least sold product in 2020.
The least sold product in 2020 was meat.
比較級
A higher/greater amount of energy is consumed in winter than in summer.
The typical daily demand for electricity in England is generally higher in winter than in summer.
A lot more people live in cities than the countryside.
Exports from the UK to European nations are higher than those to Asian countries, except for the electrical and instrument engineering sectors.
大半を占める (majority, over half, sizable)
Meat sales took the majority share of international trade in 2020.
The majority of energy is consumed for heating purposes in winter.
The vast majority of water use in Japan is in the residential sector, and the biggest uses of that water are for bathrooms and gardens.
Over half of the water that was used in residential areas was consumed in bathrooms and gardens.
Meat accounted for a sizeable proportion of international trade in 2020.
a number of —は「いくつかの」「何人かの」の意味で”多くの”の意味ではない。
“多くの”を表すにはsignificantやlargeをつける。
add a number of new features for —：—のためのいくつかの新機能を追加する
add a significant number of new features for —：—のための多くの新機能を追加する
少数派 (minority)
The minority of the students decided to study further on a postgraduate course.
Those who did advanced study while working part-time represented a small minority of the students.
対比表現
ダイナミックグラフ/表と同じように項目の比較は必ず意識する。その際に、ダイナミックと同じように接続詞、副詞、前置詞（句）を用いて、項目を対比させて、「—が一番大きい、一方—は一番小さい」などと書く。
接続詞：while / whereas (whereasは文頭では使えない)
Furniture sales took the largest share, while/whereas those of computers was the smallest.
Young people face difficulties in making friends, while/whereas older people face problems in learning the language of a foreign country.
The oldest group drink milk the most, while/whereas those in the young group eat butter the most.
副詞：conversely (反対に)
Furniture sales generated the largest profit. Conversely, the sale of computers brought the smallest revenue. (Furniture sales: 家具の売上げ（数値）、sale: 販売（活動）)
前置詞(句)：unlike, in comparison, on the other hand, compared to, in contrast to
Unlike furniture sales, which generated the largest profit, the sale of computers brought the smallest revenue. (Furniture sales: 家具の売上げ（数値）、sale: 販売（活動）)
Furniture sales generated the largest profit. In comparison / On the other hand, the sale of computers brought the smallest revenue. (Furniture sales: 家具の売上げ（数値）、sale: 販売（活動）)
In terms of butter consumption, younger people use / eat the least at just 15g per day, in contrast to 30g for those over the age of 60.
その他傾向を表す表現
傾向にある：tend to
People over 55 years old tend not to have trouble finding new accommodation, compared to those in the other age groups.
Australians tended to prefer living in rural areas.
Younger people tend to consume less milk and butter, especially teenagers.
傾向にある：likely
Australians are more likely to live in the countryside with one fifth of them doing so.
傾向にある：opt for
Students studying science opt for taking classes of math and physics.
地図 Overall使える単語・表現
地図のOverallは大雑把にものを表す単語（facilities, equipment, amenities, buildings, road）と大雑把に変化を表す単語（modification, amendment, replacement）を使って書く。
現状と未来の計画の比較の場合：
(Overall,) this development includes / will include increasing the number of boarding gates, adding new facilities and relocating the existing facilities.
(Overall,) the principal change will be the increase in the number of laboratories and the relocation of the main road running through the campus.
(Overall,) the major change planned is the addition of a new science department on the left side of the university.
過去と現在の比較の場合：
(Overall,) dramatic amendments were seen in the library in terms of its facilities and equipment.
(Overall,) this development included / has included increasing the number of boarding gates, adding new facilities and relocating the existing facilities.
(Overall,) the university has undergone many improvements in terms of access to the laboratories.
プロセス Overall使える単語・表現
プロセスのOverallには、次の3つを入れる。
１．工程数
２．circular process か linear process
- Circular process : リサイクル（製品の処分→リサイクル（製品）→製品の処分）など一周まわるプロセス
- Linear process : 何かを作る工程（作って終わり）のプロセス）
３．何から始まり何に終わるのか
この3つを入れる表現として、次の動詞と表現は必ず覚えておく
contain
(Overall,) it is a circular process containing nine stages from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
consist of
(Overall,) this is a linear process which consists of eleven steps from drying animal skin to making the final leather products.
comprise of
(Overall,) this circular process is comprised of three main stages including collection, followed by cleaning, and finally producing some items.
There are
(Overall,) there are three main steps / procedures to this entirely manual process.
—から始まり—までの: beginning with —, followed by —
(Overall,) there are three main procedures to this entirely manual process beginning with initial transportation of the raw material to the factory, followed by preparation and processing of the material, and finally the manufacture of consumer products.
イントロダクションパラグラフ：Overall サンプル
1文目でブラフ/表/地図/プロセスが何を表しているのかを書いた後は、2文目にそのブラフ/表/地図/プロセスにどんなざっくりとした特徴があるのかを”Overall—“として書く。具体的な数字は書かないで全体的な傾向や特徴だけを簡潔に書く。
全体の傾向に例外がある場合には「一部を除いて（except for —）、全体では—」の書き方でよい。
Overallで全体の傾向を書いた後に追加で書く特徴があれば、Furthermore, —として入れる。例）「（期間を通してAとBの売り上げは上昇傾向だった）Furthermore, Aの売り上げは常に最も大きかった」など。
ダイナミックグラフ・表 Overall サンプル
サンプル１：棒グラフ
The line graph illustrates the amount of paper, sawn-wood and wood pulp produced between 1980 and 2000 at ten-year intervals. Overall, the production of paper underwent an upward trend, whereas manufacturing of the other materials showed a downward trend over the period. Furthermore, the production of paper was always the highest over the 20 years.
この後Body 1にproduction of paperがどのように増えたのか、Body 2にmanufacturing of the other materialsがどのように減ったのかを書く。
サンプル２：円グラフ
Sample 1
The pie charts compare percentages of energy made from several sources in one country in 1985 and 2005. Overall, electricity production from oil and nuclear power decreased whereas that from natural gas, coal and various renewable sources increased. Furthermore, fossil fuel represented the largest share, even after the energy shift.
Sample 2 (同じ問題)
The pie charts compare percentages of energy made from several sources in one country in 1985 and 2005. Overall, this country experienced an energy shift by reducing the use of oil and nuclear power and relying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable sources. Furthermore, fossil fuel represented the largest share, even after the energy shift.
この後Body 1にreducing the use of oil and nuclear powerの詳細、Body 2にrelying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable sourcesの詳細を書く。
サンプル３：表
The table gives an account of sales figures of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in five countries in Europe in 1999 and 2004. Overall, except for sales of bananas in Sweden and Denmark, the sales figures of both items increased during the given five years.
この後both items (bananaとcoffee)のsalesについてBody 1にbananaの傾向、Body 2にcoffeeの傾向を書いく
スタティックグラフ・表 Overall サンプル
サンプル１：表
The table illustrates the amount of milk and butter consumed per week across four age groups in one European country. Overall, the oldest group drinks milk the most and the 45-65 range group eats butter the most, whereas the youngest group consumes both milk and butter the least.
この後ボディ１にmilk、ボディ２にButterの年齢別消費量を書く
サンプル２：表
The table illustrates the proportion of difficulties that people face when they move to foreign countries according to different age groups. Overall, as people get older, they find it more challenging to speak foreign languages, but they struggle less with making new friends. Furthermore, people over 55 years old tend not to have trouble finding new accommodation, compared to those in other age groups.
この後ボディ１にforeign languagesについて、ボディ 2にnew accommodation/making new friendsについて書く
地図 Overall サンプル
サンプル１：地図
The two maps compare the layout of a science park from 2008 and the present. Overall, some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery, and the function of some amenities has changed. In relation to this renovation, new paths have been made to connect facilities, and a bus stop as well as cycle paths have been newly built.
地図の1つが今のものなので現在完了でsome new facilities have been addedやthe function of some amenities has changedと書いた
この後、ボディ１に緑地に追加された施設と用途変更された施設の詳細（”some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery, and the function of some amenities has changed”の詳細）、ボディ２に新設された通路とバス停、自転車道路の詳細（”new paths have been made to connect facilities, and a bus stop as well as cycle paths have been newly built”の詳細）を書く
プロセス Overall サンプル
Linear process
The diagram illustrates how leather products are made from animal skin. Overall, this is a linear process which consists of eleven steps from drying animal skin to making the final products.
この後Body1にプロセスの前半、Body 2にプロセスの後半を書く
Circular process
The diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled. Overall, it is a circular process containing nine stages with both manual and mechanical processes from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
この後Body1にプロセスの前半、Body 2にプロセスの後半を書く。Body 2には最初の工程に戻ることを書く
ボディパラグラフ （パラグラフ２＆パラグラフ３）
ボディ１(パラグラフ2)とボディ2 (バラグラフ3)でイントロダクションで書いたOverallの内容を具体的に書く。
つまり、グラフ/表/地図/プロセスの特徴を大きく2分割して2つのパラグラフで書く。
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ダイナミックグラフ・表
ダイナミックのグラフ・表は期間の最初と最後を比較したときの”変化の傾向”でグルーピングしてボディ１とボディ２に分ける。
例）期間の最初と最後を比較して、
A, Bは上がっている = ボディ１
C, Dは下がっている = ボディ２
ボディ１：A, B
Line A and B underwent an upward trend. Line A, which started in second place at approximately 250, increased to 400 before levelling off at the same figure. After that, it rose to the largest figure of about 550 at the end. Line B also underwent an increase with gradual and continuous growth from just above 0, the lowest among the four lines, to nearly 100.
ボディ2：C, D
Conversely, line C and D saw a downward trend. There was a huge drop in line C from the highest at 650 to second place at 250, although it showed some fluctuations over the period. Line D started at just below 150 and climbed to 200. Then, it showed a continuous decline to the lowest point of about 50. While declining, line C and D were surpassed by line A and B at 400 and 80, respectively.
スタティックグラフ・表
スタティックグラフ・表は”比較できる項目ごと”にグルーピングして、比較した特徴を説明する。（比較を入れないとただ数字を言うだけになってしまいスコアは出ない）
この表は年齢層別のMilkとButterの消費量とFull/Low fatの割合の比較を表しており、MilkとButterのそれぞれで年齢層別の比較をすることが問題の意図。
この表の場合、項目はMilkとButterの2つ
Milk の年齢層別消費量の比較= ボディ１
Butterの年齢層別消費量の比較 = ボディ２
もしボディ１：若いグループ（<25 & 26-45）、ボディ2：年配グループ（45-65 & 65+）でグルーピングしてしまうと比較ができない。
地図
地図の場合、地図の部分ごと（東側と西側など）に分ける場合と、要素ごとに分ける方法がある。
地図の部分ごとに変化を分ける場合
例）スポーツ施設内の配置変更：ボディ１を施設右側、ボディ２を施設左側
下の地図の場合、地図の右側の変化：ボディ１、地図の左側の変化：ボディ２ 👇👇👇
要素別に変化を分ける場合
例）キャンパスの変化：ボディ1に道の変化、ボディ２に建物の変化
ボディ１に地図１の説明、ボディ２に地図２の説明にはしない。ボディ2にはボディ 1で書いた地図１の状態との比較ができるが、ボディ 1には地図1の状態しか書けず比較ができなくなる。
下の地図の場合、Road/Walkway（道路関係）の変化：ボディ１、設備（建物関係）の変化：ボディ２ 👇👇👇
プロセス
プロセスの前半をBody 1に、後半をBody 2に分ける。
特に比較する要素はないのでどこで分けても基本的にはOKだが、Body 1とBody 2の分量のバランスをよくするために大体プロセスの半分で分ける。
下のプロセスの場合、プロセス前半①～④：ボディ１、プロセス後半⑤～⑨：ボディ２
IELTS Writing Task 1 覚えるべき単語・表現・書き方
覚えるべき単語
グラフ・表・地図で使える単語まとめ目次
一つの表現にいろいろな違う単語を覚える必要性
IELTSのWritingに限らず、英語の文章では同じ単語や同じ言い方を繰り返してしまうと単語力と表現力に乏しい単調なつまらない文になってしまう。
文法的にどんなに正しくても、同じ単語（例えば、上がる=increase, 下がる=decrease）を毎回使用していたらスコアはでない。一つの意味でも違う言い方（パラフレイズ）をここで紹介するので徹底的に覚えること。
また、志望動機や大学での論文などを書くときにも繰り返しの単語と表現は絶対に避ける必要がある。（SynonymでGoogle検索をして同意語を用いる）
Meat consumption in the UKの例
このブラフを表すのに、同じ単語が繰り返されている文 （動詞だけではなく主語も同じ単語が連発されている）
With regards to the domestic consumption of meat in the UK, it was only 20,000 tonnes per year in 2010. It increased significantly to 25,000 tonnes in 2011 before increasing slightly to 26,000 and 27,000 tonnes in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The consumption remained the same at 27,000 between 2014 and 2018, and then the figure decreased to 24,000 tonnes in 2019. After that, the consumption remained the same at 24,000 tonnes until 2023.
このブラフを表すのに、同じ単語の繰り返しを避けた文
With regards to the domestic consumption of meat in the UK, it was only 20,000 tonnes per year in 2010, which was the lowest during the recent 13 years. The figure surged to 25,000 in the subsequent year before increasing slightly to 26,000 and 27,000 tonnes in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The quantity of meat eaten domestically in the country plateaued between 2014 and 2018 at 27,000 tonnes, and then the amount dropped to 24,000 tonnes in 2019. After that, the volume levelled off until 2023 at 24,000 tonnes.
覚えるべき単語：ダイナミックグラフ・表
上がる/増える
すべての”上がる”がincreaseではスコアは出ず、また同じincreaseでも動詞で使ったり名詞で使ったり、構文を変えて書く必要がある。
動詞 increase/grow/rise/climb/soar(急)/jump(急)
sore/jumpはあるとき急に上がった場合、その他はどれを書いても同じ意味なのでincreaseを1回使ったら、次はgrow、その次はrise、その次はclimbを使うと決めておく。
人口は1millionから3millionに増えた。
- The population increased to three million from one million.
- The population grew to three million from one million.
- The population rose to three million from one million.
- The population climbed to three million from one million.
- The population soared to three million from one million. (急に増えた)
- The population jumped to three million from one million. (急に増えた)
人口は2million増えた。
- The population increased by two million.
- The population grew by two million.
- The population rose by two million.
- The population climbed by two million.
- The population soared by two million. (急に増えた)
- The population jumped by two million. (急に増えた)
増減を表す動詞には原則として数字を表す名詞が主語になる。人やモノやその他名詞を主語にできないので注意。ただし、population, value, sale, consumption, trafficは増減を表す主語にできる。
○ The population hasincreased.
○ The number of accidents has increased. (数字を表す名詞”number of —“が主語)
✖ Accidents have increased. (Accidentsが主語：ダメ)
名詞 an increase/ a growth/ a rise/ a climb
increase/grow(th)/rise/climbを名詞で使う場合、動詞はsee/undergo/experience/showがそれぞれ使える。
人口は1millionから3millionに増えた。
see ＋ an increase/ a growth/ a rise/ a climb
- The city saw an increase in population from one million to three million.
- The city saw a growth in population from one million to three million.
- The city saw a rise in population from one million to three million.
- The city saw a climb in population from one million to three million.
undergo ＋ an increase/ a growth/ a rise/ a climb
- The city underwent an increase in population from one million to three million.
- The city underwent a growth in population from one million to three million.
- The city underwent a rise in population from one million to three million.
- The city underwent a climb in population from one million to three million.
experience ＋ an increase/ a growth/ a rise/ a climb
- The city experienced an increase in population from one million to three million.
- The city experienced a growth in population from one million to three million.
- The city experienced a rise in population from one million to three million.
- The city experienced a climb in population from one million to three million.
show ＋ an increase/ a growth/ a rise/ a climb (注意：主語はthe cityにならない)
- The graph showed an increase in population of the city from one million to three million.
- The graph showed a growth in population of the city from one million to three million.
- The graph showed a rise in population of the city from one million to three million.
- The graph showed a climb in population of the city from one million to three million.
There is/are構文
人口は1millionから3millionに増えた。
- There was an increase in population from one million to three million in the city.
- There was a growth in population from one million to three million in the city.
- There was a rise in population from one million to three million in the city.
- There was a climb in population from one million to three million in the city.
to, by, ofの使い分けに注意
increaseを動詞で使った場合：increased from 100 to 300 = increased by 200
increaseを名詞で使った場合：an increase from 100 to 300 = an increase of 200
下がる/減る
動詞 decrease/decline/drop/fall/go down
decrease/decline/drop/fall/go downはどれを書いても同じ意味なのでdecreaseを1回使ったら、次はdecline、その次はdrop、その次はfallを使うと決めておく。(go downはインフォーマルな書き方にも捉えられるのであまりお勧めしない)
人口は3millionから1millionに減った。
- The population decreased to one million from three million.
- The population declined to one million from three million.
- The population dropped to one million from three million.
- The population fell to one million from three million.
人口は2million減った。
- The population decreased by two million.
- The population declined by two million.
- The population dropped by two million.
- The population fell by two million.
増減を表す動詞には原則として数字を表す名詞が主語になる。人やモノやその他名詞を主語にできないので注意。ただし、population, value, sale, consumption, trafficは増減を表す主語にできる。
○ The population has decreased.
○ The number of accidents has decreased. (数字を表す名詞”number of —“が主語)
✖ Accidents have decreased. (Accidentsが主語：ダメ)
名詞 a decrease/a decline/a drop
decrease/decline/dropを名詞で使う場合、動詞にはsee/undergo/experience/showがそれぞれ使える。
see ＋ a decrease/a decline/a drop
- The city saw a decrease in population from three million to one million.
- The city saw a decline in population from three million to one million.
- The city saw a drop in population from three million to one million.
undergo ＋ a decrease/a decline/a drop
- The city underwent a decrease in population from three million to one million.
- The city underwent a decline in population from three million to one million.
- The city underwent a drop in population from three million to one million.
experience ＋ a decrease/a decline/a drop
- The city experienced a decrease in population from three million to one million.
- The city experienced a decline in population from three million to one million.
- The city experienced a drop in population from three million to one million.
show＋ a decrease/a decline/a drop
- The graph showed a decrease in population of the city from three million to one million.
- The graph showed a decline in population of the city from three million to one million.
- The graph showed a drop in population of the city from three million to one million.
There is/are構文
人口は3millionから1millionに減った。
- There was a decrease in population from three million to one million in the city.
- There was a decline in population from three million to one million in the city.
- There was a drop in population from three million to one million in the city.
to, by, ofの使い分けに注意
decreaseを動詞で使った場合：decreased from 300 to 100 = decreased by 200
decreaseを名刺で使った場合：a decrease from 300 to 100 = a decrease of 200
何倍になる
ただ単に100から200に増えた/50に減ったと書くよりも、100から2倍になった/半分になったと書くことで表現方法を増やすことができ得点源になる。
—倍を表す動詞
2倍：double
3倍：triple
4倍：quadruple
5倍：quintuple
2010年から2020年で売上はXX倍になった。
- 2倍：The sales doubled from 2010 to 2020.
- 3倍：The sales tripled from 2010 to 2020.
- 4倍：The sales quadrupled from 2010 to 2020.
- 5倍：The sales quintupled from 2010 to 2020.
10年前と比べてハンバーガーを食べる人の数は3倍になった。
- Compared to a decade ago, the number of people eating hamburgers has tripled (from 5 to 15 million).
—fold : 倍を表す副詞/形容詞
2倍：twofold
3倍：threefold
4倍：fourfold
5倍：fivefold
10倍：tenfold
—foldを副詞で使う場合：動詞はincreaseかriseを使う
2010年から2020年で売上はXX倍になった。
increase(動) + —fold(副)
- 2倍：The sales increased twofold from 2010 to 2020.
- 3倍：The sales increased threefold from 2010 to 2020.
- 4倍：The sales increased fourfold from 2010 to 2020.
- 5倍：The sales increased fivefold from 2010 to 2020.
- 10倍：The sales increased tenfold from 2010 to 2020.
rise(動) + —fold(副)
- 2倍：The sales rose twofold from 2010 to 2020.
- 3倍：The sales rose threefold from 2010 to 2020.
- 4倍：The sales rose fourfold from 2010 to 2020.
- 5倍：The sales rose fivefold from 2010 to 2020.
- 10倍：The sales rose tenfold from 2010 to 2020.
10年前と比べてハンバーガーを食べる人の数は3倍になった。
- Compared to a decade ago, the number of people eating hamburgers has increased threefold (from 5 to 15 million).
—foldを形容詞で使う場合：名詞はincreaseかriseを使う
2010年から2020年で売上はXX倍になった。
—fold(副)＋increase(名)
- 2倍：There was a twofold increase in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 3倍：There was a threefold increase in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 4倍：There was a fourfold increase in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 5倍：There was a fivefold increase in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 10倍：There was a tenfold increase in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
—fold(副)＋rise(名)
- 2倍：There was a twofold rise in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 3倍：There was a threefold rise in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 4倍：There was a fourfold rise in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 5倍：There was a fivefold rise in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
- 10倍：There was a tenfold rise in the sales from 2010 to 2020.
—times（—foldの方が—timesよりもフォーマルな表現）
2倍：two times
3倍：three times
4倍：four times
5倍：five times
10倍：ten times
2020年の売上は2010年のXX倍だった。
- 2倍：The sales in 2020 were two times higher than in 2010.
- 3倍：The sales in 2020 were three times higher than in 2010.
- 4倍：The sales in 2020 were four times higher than in 2010.
- 5倍：The sales in 2020 were five times higher than in 2010.
- 10倍：The sales in 2020 were ten times higher than in 2010.
売上は2000年代にXX倍になった。(“grew”もしくは”increase”と”by—times”を使って表現)
- 2倍：The sales doubled in the 2000s.
- 3倍：The sales grew/increased by three times in the 2000s.
- The sales tripled in the 2000s.
- 4倍：The sales grew/increased by four times in the 2000s.
- The sales quadrupled in the 2000s.
- 5倍：The sales grew/increased by five times in the 2000s.
- The sales quintupled in the 2000s.
- 10倍：The sales grew/increased by six times in the 2000s.
フィッシュアンドチップスを食べる人の数はピザを食べる人の数の3倍いる。
- The number of people eating fish and chips was three times as many as people eating pizzas.
何分の1になる
—分の１（1/2）になるという表現を使うことで、ただ100から50に減ったというよりも、100と50の比較ができるので高得点に繋がる。
X分のYを表す表現 (X/Y：Xは数字でYは 序数 → Xが1以外なら序数にsがつく)
1/2: half
1/3: one third
1/4: quarter
2/5: two fifths
3/4: three quarters
5/7: five sevenths
The sales declined from £3000 per month to nearly one third that figure.（売上げは£3000から1/3（£1000）に減った）
= The sales declined by two thirds from £3000.
The number of annual visitors decreased from 1 million to a quarter of that number. (訪問者は100万人から1/４（25万人）に減った)
= The number of annual visitors decreased by three quarters from 1 million. (3/4減った)
“to”は最終的な値、“by”は変化量（差）を表す。つまり、1/3”に”減る（decline to nearly one third：最終的にもとの1/3になる）は2/3減る（decline by two thirds：もとの2/3の分減る）ということ。
半分になる：Halve
The sales halved during the decade.（売上げは10年で半分になった）
追い越す/追い抜く
項目を比較する場合に、AがBを追い越した、BはAに追い越されたは必ず文に入れると得点につながる。
何か（名詞）が何か（名詞）を追い越す(目的語は名詞)：overtake
London overtook Tokyo in terms of population density in 2020.
数が一定値を追い越す(目的語は数字)：exceed
The population of London exceeded 10 million in 2020.
名詞/数どちらの場合でも使用可能(目的語は名詞も数字も可能)：surpass
London surpassed Tokyo in terms of population density in 2020.
The population of London surpassed 10 million in 2020.
頂点/最高値に達する
増えたということだけではなく最終的にどうなったのか、どのポイントが最大だったのかを書くことで、文からグラフを想像しやすくなる。
peak (at) (peak: 動詞)
The sales peaked at three million USD in 2023.
reach a peak (at) (peak: 名詞)
The sales reached a peak of three million USD in 2023.
注）peakを動詞で使う場合：peak at、peakを名詞で使う場合：a peak of
reach the highest figure/point (at)
The sales reached the highest point of three million USD in 2023.
最低値に達する
減ったということだけではなく最終的にどうなったのか、どのポイントが最低値だったのかを書くことで、文からグラフを想像しやすくなる。
reach the lowest figure/point
The sales reached the lowest figure of three million USD in 2023.
The sales reached the lowest point of three million USD in 2023.
fall to the lowest figure/point
The sales fell to the lowest figure of three million USD in 2023.
The sales fell to the lowest point of three million USD in 2023.
hit a low of
The sales hit a low of three million USD in 2023.
* hit rock bottom(最低値に達する)は口語表現なのでWriting Task1では使わない
変わらない/一定
上った、下がった以外にも”変わらない”、”変化がなくなった”は必ず覚えておく。変化がないも重要な特徴である。
plateau
The population in the city plateaued at 3 million from 1990 to 2000.
(plateauを動詞で使う場合：plateau at、 plateauを名詞で使う場合：(reached) a plateau of)
stay unchanged / remain unchanged / remain stable
The population in the city stayed unchanged at 3 million from 1990 to 2000.
The population in the city remained unchanged at 3 million from 1990 to 2000.
The population in the city remained stable at 3 million from 1990 to 2000.
hover (微動)
The number of burglaries hovered at around 4000 from 1999 to 2002.
(変化の後）ある一定で落ち着く
stabilise/stagnate
The population increased by 0.1 million from 2000 to 2010 and stabilised at 10 million after that.
The population increased by 0.1 million from 2000 to 2010 and stagnated at 10 million after that.
level off
The population increased by 0.1 million from 2000 to 2010 and levelled off at 10 million after that.
reach a plateau
The population increased by 0.1 million from 2000 to 2010 and then reached a plateau of 10 million.
変動する
特に小刻みに上下している場合のグラフなどに使える。その小刻みをひとつひとつ説明する必要はなく、変動の一言で表せればよい。
動詞：fluctuate
Population figures fluctuated between one million and two million from 2010 to 2020.
名詞：fluctuation
The two bar graphs illustrate fluctuations in Japanese population numbers.
There were fluctuations in population numbers of between one million and two million.
”どんな風に”
形容詞や副詞を使ってどのように増えたのか/減ったのかを必ず書く。Writing Task1で大切なのは、読み手が文からグラフ/表を想像できること。形容詞や副詞はその想像を助ける単語で、得点に繋がりやすい。
少しだけ（量）
slight(形) – slightly(副)
marginal(形) – marginally(副)
moderate(形) – moderately(副)
The population increased slightly from 100 million to 101 million during the decade.
The city experienced a slight increase in population from 100 million to 101 million during the decade.
大幅に（量）
significant(形) – significantly(副)
considerable(形) – considerably(副)
dramatic(形) – dramatically(副)
drastic(形) – drastically(副)
The population increased significantly from 100 million to 300 million during the decade.
The city experienced a significant increase in population from 100 million to 101 million during the decade.
急に（速度）
sharp(形) – sharply(副)
sudden(形) – suddenly(副)
rapid(形) – rapidly(副)
steep(形) – steeply(副)
The population increased steeply from 100 million to 150 million during the past decade.
The city experienced a steep increase in population from 100 million to 150 million during the past decade.
だんだんと（速度）
stead(形) – steadily(副)
gradual(形) – gradually(副)
slow(形) – slowly(副)
incremental(形) – incrementally(副)
marginal(形) – marginally(副)
The population has increased gradually from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades. (during the past five decades: 今から過去50年間なので現在完了形を使用）
The city has experienced a gradual increase in population from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades.
継続的に
continuous(形) – continuously(副)
steady(形) – steadily(副)
constant(形) – constantly(副)
year by year/day by day
The population has increased continuously from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades. (during the past five decades: 今から過去50年間なので現在完了形を使用）
The city has experienced a continuous increase in population from 100 million to 150 million during the past five decades.
期間の表し方
期間もワンパターンで毎回上がった期間from— to —、下がった期間from— to —ではなく、色々な表現を使て書くこと。
from — to —
The sales increased from 2010 to 2015.
from — onwards (—年以降)
The sales increased from 2010 onwards.
between — and —
The sales increased between 2010 and 2015.
throughout (the period)
The sales increased throughout the period surveyed.
during
The sales increased during the five years.
The sales increased during the period from 2010 to 2015. The sales increased during the five-year period.
over
The sales increased over the five years.
The sales increased over the period from 2010 to 2015. ＝ The sales increased over the five-year period.
からの（続く）—年間
「2010年から2015年まで売り上げは下がったが、2015年からの5年間は売り上げは上がった」のように連続する期間を表すのにsubsequent/subsequently, followingで表す。
subsequent/subsequently
The sales declined from 2010 to 2015, but they grew for the subsequent five years.
following
Following the decline from 2010 to 2015, the sales grew for/over the next five years.
＝ The sales declined from 2010 to 2015, but they grew for the next five years.
覚えるべき単語：スタティックグラフ・表
スタティックグラフ/表では、ダイナミックの変化の表現とは異なり、状態を表す表現を使う必要がある。また、ダイナミックと同じようにワンパターンの表現ではなく、色々な言い方で書くことでスコアにつなげる。
“—(数字)である”を表す動詞・前置詞
is/are
73% of the population in Sydney are native Australians.
The proportion of native Australians in Sydney is 73% of the population.
at
There was a very low percentage of old people who took part in any computer-based activities, at 5%.
Over half of the water that was used in residential areas was consumed in bathrooms and gardens, at 29% and 27%, respectively.
stand at （stands at + 数値）
The proportion of native Australians in Sydney stands at 73% of the population.
account for （account for 数値 / account for 説明 at 数値）
account for 数値
The proportion of native Australians in Sydney accounted for 73%.
account for 説明 at 数値
The proportion of native Australians in Sydney accounted for the largest section of the population at 73%.
represent （represent 数値 / represent 説明 at 数値）
represent 数値
The proportion of native Australians in Sydney represents 73%.
The vast majority of the population in Sydney is represented by native Australians at 73%.
represent 説明 at 数値
The proportion of native Australians in Sydney represents the vast majority at 73% of the population.
take share (at)
Native Australians in Sydney take the largest share of the population at 73%.
with with＋名詞 でその名詞に数字を含める
The youngest age group finds making friends the easiest, with a proportion of only 10%.
Toilets and kitchens consumed a lower amount of water compared to bathrooms, with 15% and 10% of the total residential water usage, respectively.
—%を占める
一つの数値で全体の何％を占めると書く場合でも、ある数値とある数値を合計して何％を占めると書く場合でも使える。合計値を書くことも大きな特徴を書くことにつながる。
make up
The sales of meat and fish made up 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
The pie chart indicates that 90% of the population in Japan is made up of Japanese people themselves.
The water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share of the total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%.
account for
The sales of meat and fish accounted for 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
Meat sales accounted for the largest share of total supermarket sales at 40%.
comprise
The sales of meat and fish comprised 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
constitute
The sales of meat and fish constituted 70%, with the former and the latter standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. (former: meat / latter: fish)
パーセントの表し方
直接数字を書くのではなくパーセントもパラフレイズして書くことでスコアにつなげる。
20%：one fifth
25%：quarter
50%：half
66%：two-thirds
75%：three quarters
47%～49%：slightly under/just below/just under a half
51%～53％：slightly over/just above/just over a half
47%～53%：around a half
73% を「75%を少し下回る程度」として表現する場合
The pie chart indicates that just under three quarters of the residents in London are people from the UK.
25%と20％を表現する場合
This bookshop sold relatively equal proportions of each type of genre with History making up one quarter, followed by Adult Fiction, Children’s Fiction, and Biographies all at one fifth, and travel was the lowest at 15%.
(売った本のジャンル：history=25%(a quarter), adult fiction, children’s fiction, biography=各20％(all at one fifth), travel=15%)
パーセントと割合の使い方
パーセントと割合（そのパーセントに対する割合）を積極的に比較に使うことで、ただ数字を書くだけではなく数字同士の比較をする。
パーセントのみで書いた文
The proportion of young people participating in the lesson accounted for 60%, whereas that of middle-aged people and senior people stood at 30% and 10%, respectively.
パーセントとその割合を使って書いた文
The proportion of young people participating in the lesson accounted for 60%, whereas that of middle-aged and senior people stood at half and one sixth of that figure, respectively. (young peopleは全参加者の60％、middle-aged peopleは（60％の）半分（30％）、senior peopleは（60％の）1/6（10%）)
The proportion of meat accounted for the largest share of exports from the UK at 40%, followed by fish at just under a third. The share of egg exports stood at half the figure of meat at one fifth. Milk represented the smallest percentage among the four categories at 10%.
(“Egg(20％)はMeat(40％)の半分”とEggのパーセントをベースにMeatの割合を記載)
”なん対なん”の割合
ratio (to)（全体100％の内のそれぞれの割合）
The ratio of men to women was 6.5 to 3.5.
The ratio of their preference for full fat butter to low fat is 60% to 40% for the youngest group, while this ratio is almost equal for the oldest group.
(高脂肪バターと低脂肪バターの好みは若いグループで60％対40％（60％は高脂肪好き、40％は低脂肪好き）で、年配グループでは同じ（50％は高脂肪好き、50％は低脂肪好き）であった）
ratio(比率)は100％の内のそれぞれの割合（男女比６：４など）で使われるので、percentageやproportionの同意語としては使えない。X％を表す場合には、percentage, proportion, shareを使って、ratioは使う前に適切か考えること。また、rate(率)も同じで、％を表さない場合が多い。mortality rate(死亡率)やexchange rate(為替レート)などで使われ、dollar’s exchange rate against the yen(ドルの円に対する為替レート)などとして使われる。
覚えるべき単語：ダイナミック・スタティック共通
だいたいの数の表し方
ぴったりな数字以外には必ず、その数字を表現するのに少し上回るや下回るという表現をいれてだいたいの数字を書く。無理に数字を目盛りから読む必要はない。また、ここでもすべての数字をabout—で書くのではなく、色々な表現を使って書くこと。
少し上回る：just above / just over / slightly over
The figure represented just above 10 million.
The figure represented just over 10 million.
The figure represented slightly over 10 million.
少し下回る：just below/just under/slightly under/nearly
The figure represented just below 20 million.
The figure represented just under 20 million.
The figure represented slightly under 20 million.
The figure represented nearly 20 million.
注）nearlyにそれより上は含まれない：nearly 20は17くらい～19.9 (20未満)
だいたい：almost/around/approximately/roughly/about
The figure represented almost 33 million.
The figure represented around 33 million.
The figure represented approximately 33 million.
The figure represented roughly 33 million.
The figure represented about 33 million.
注）more than / less than / above / over / below / under はそれ以上/以下すべてが含まれるので使い方注意。「ちょい下まで/ちょい上まで」はjust belowやjust aboveで書けるが、「1000ちょい下まで下がった」をdecreased to less than 1000と言ってしまうと0～999まですべて含まれてしまう。必ず、”だいたい”を表現する言葉を適切に入れる。
数字の表し方
”—の数”の言い方
可算名詞：number
The number of visitors/tourists to London increased by 10,000 from 2000 to 2010.
The visitor/tourist numbers to London increased by 10,000 from 2000 to 2010.
不加算名詞：amount (単位関係なし), volume (主にm3)
The amount of plastic garbage declined by 10,000 tonnes from 2000 to 2010.
The volume of plastic garbage declined by 10,000 cubic metres from 2000 to 2010.
不加算名詞：quantity
The quantity of sugar consumed in the UK rose by 10% from 2000 to 2010.
”その数字”の言い方
数字：figure
Meat sales rose by 10% between 2000 and 2010. The figure rose by a further 5% in the subsequent two years.
Meat sales in 2000 reached/hit £20,000. This sales figure was the highest achieved during the decade.
“figure”はすべての数字（数、パーセント、量 etc）に使えるが、”—の値”とする場合には”figure for”、特定の数値を指す場合には”figure of”になる。
- the figure for advertising costs
- the average figure of 30,000
参考書のサンプルによっては、”volume”や”size”、”level”を名詞につけて—の量を表す場合もある。パラフレイズの一つとして覚えておくと良いが、すべての単語にこれらをつけてしまうとクドい英語になってしまうので注意。
production volume (生産量) ＝ amount of production
population size (人口) = populationだけでも人口の意味は伝わる
consumption level (消費量) ＝ amount of consumption / consumptionだけでも消費量の意味は伝わる
また、数字に”mark”や”points”をつけている参考書もあるが、これらは必ずしもつける必要はない。
50% = 50 percent = 50 percentage points
(人口) 1億人 = 100 million = the 100 million mark (markをつける場合には冠詞のtheをつける)
”それぞれ”の表し方
数値はまとめて書いて、”それぞれ”を表す”respectively”で何がどの数値かを記す。
The proportion of citizens that immigrated from New Zealand and China stands at 20% and 10%, respectively.
(New ZealandとCanadaから移住してきた市民はそれぞれ20％、10％である ⇒ New Zealandからの移住者20％、Canadaからの移住者10％)
The consumption of milk by age group of 18-25, 26-65, and 65+ is 1,600ml, 1,700ml, and 1,900ml, respectively.
(年齢層18-25歳の牛乳消費量：1,600ml、26-65歳の牛乳消費量：1,700ml, 65歳以上の牛乳消費量：1,900ml)
The value of imports and exports dropped by 20% and 10%, respectively, during the decade.
(imports: 20%減, exports: 10%減)
前者（former）と後者 (latter)
formerとlatterで書くことで、繰り返し同じ単語を使うことを避けることができる。
Young people preferred to be involved in playing sports and dancing with just over one-third and nearly one-third of them doing the former and the latter, respectively.
(former = playing sports, latter = dancing)
覚えるべき単語：地図
場所にある状態
There is/are
There is a laboratory on the east side of the campus.
Thera are some computers in the corner of the library.
There is a road running from east to west.
There are trees along the road.
There is a cycle path running through the park.
There was a park with trees and grass and a car park.
have/has
The university has an outdoor pool and two tennis courts on the right side of the map.
The library had a reception next to the entrance.
be located
The laboratory is located on the east side of the campus.
Five houses are located along the river.
The computers are located in the library.
lie
The forest lies across the river.
The monument lay in the centre of the campus. (lie-lay-lain) (past)
be situated
Some houses are situated on the hill.
One restaurant is situated on the west side of the map.
sit
The building sits on the main street.
There is a building sitting on the main street.
be positioned
A computer and a printer are positioned on the right side of the library.
A kiosk is positioned in the centre of the platform.
場所にある状態（道、川）
run
The river runs on the northside of the town.
There are additional cycle routes running through the centre of the park.
lead to
The footpath leads to the library.
connect
The railway connects the east and west of the town.
stretch
The island stretches from north to south. (通常stretchは北―南、東―西に延びるときに使う。北―東などは使わない)
変わる・変化する
undergo
The library underwent a conversion.
The museum underwent renovation.
see changes / see a change in
The town saw changes in the location of its facilities.
The library saw changes in the arrangement of books.
変わる・違う用途になる
change into
The library was changed into a museum.
The car park was changed into a tennis court.
be replaced with / replace
The library was replaced with a museum.
A museum replaced the library.
The park and the car park were replaced with a basketball court and tennis courts, respectively.
(park ⇒ basketball court / car park ⇒ tennis courts)
= A basketball court and tennis courts replaced the park and the car park, respectively.
be transformed into
The cube-like building will be transformed into a columnar museum.
The IT centre has been transformed into an innovation centre.
turn into
The outdoor facility has been turned into an indoor area that contains the swimming pool, the café and the reception. (outdoor facility, swimming pool, café, receptionはもとからあったのでこれらには”the”, それらがインドアになったのでそのindoor areaにはa(an)をつけた)
be converted into
The library will be converted into a museum.
The old houses will be converted into hotels.
become
The existing rectangular shaped area with eight gates will be modified to become a Y-shaped corridor with 18 gates.
変わる・場所が変わる
be relocated to
The library, which was on the north side, was relocated to the east side.
The museum was relocated to the edge of the town.
move to
The existing check-in counter will be moved to the opposite side of the airport.
The computers will be moved from the left to right side of the laboratory.
変わる・開発される
be developed into
The village will be developed into a small town with a university.
The island has been developed into a tourist resort with hotels and restaurants.
grow into
The small town grew into a big city with a hospital and a university.
The small hotel grew into a large facility with a swimming pool and a spa.
変わる・近代化する
be modernised
The library was modernised with wheelchair friendly toilets and step-free access.
The museum was modernised with many contemporary pieces of art.
変わる・加わる
be added
A new laboratory was added.
A printer was added next to the computer.
be placed
A new big screen and ATM will be placed in front of the restaurant.
be make
The basketball court was made by removing the greenery in the park.
変わる・建物が建てられる
be added
A new laboratory was added next to the car park.
Some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery.
Some facilities are expected to be added by cutting trees down and relocating roads.
be constructed / built
A new laboratory was constructed next to the car park.
A new university was built on the east side of the town.
new — (lie)
A new footpath will lie alongside the road.
変わる・道路が作られる
be built
A new road, which connects a library and a university, will be built.
be laid
New paths, which connect the station with the innovation centre, have been laid.
be introduced
New cycle paths have been introduced alongside the roads.
be made
A new road will be made to connect the library and the city hall.
new—(run)
A new road will run from south to north.
変わる・サイズ、数
サイズ大きくなる/小さくなる: increase/decrease in size
The playground increased in size.
The playground decreased in size.
範囲が大きくなる：expand, enlarge
The university will expand to include more areas for research, education and improved accessibility.
The library has been enlarged, overtaking the green space.
数が増える：increase/decrease in number
The tennis courts increased in number.
The tennis courts decreased in number.
The school saw an increase in the number of classrooms.
幅が広くなる・狭くなる：widen/narrow
距離が延長される・短くなる：extend/shorten
無くなる
be remove
The greenery in the park was removed and the basketball court was made.
The basketball court was made by removing the greenery in the park.
no longer (there)
変わらない
remain unchanged/be unchanged
The location of the laboratories and the walkway will remain unchanged.
The location of library will be unchanged.
remain the same
In the library, the location of the reception and the computers remained the same.
stay the same
The existing walkway and the library will stay the same.
場所を表す前置詞
東西南北
The restaurant is on the east/west/south/north of the café.
A centre for research and development has been built on the north-west side of the park on the grassland.
The northern half has the restaurant in the east, but the rest of the area is occupied by trees. The southern half is further divided into two halves by the walkway.
(北半分の東側（地図の右上側）にはレストランがあり残りの部分（地図の左上側）は木々が植えられている。南半分はwalkwayで2つに区切られている)
ただ”東にある”と書く場合には”in the east”、”—の東にある”と書く場合には”on the east of—“になるので注意。
in the east/west/south/north: 位置
on the east/west/south/north of—: 位置関係
地図の右側・左側
In 1980, on the left/right side of the map, there was a park with trees.
The left/right side of the facilities has been turned into an indoor area.
隣(隣どうし)：next to, side by side, adjacent, adjacent to
Next to the swimming pool, the café, the reception and the changing rooms were located side by side.
The reception area has also been changed to a university hub, while the adjacent offices remain the same.
The school is adjacent to the city library.
—にそって：along
A station has been constructed on the existing railway running along the southern part of the park.
使える表現・書き方
ここではこれまでに説明した”覚えるべき単語”を組み合わせて、どのような表現で書けば高得点につながるかを説明する。
使える表現・書き方：ダイナミックグラフ・表
上って下がる・下がって上がるの表現方法
「上がって下がる」や「下がって上がる」は、”After that / — after which で時系列に表現”、”前置詞beforeを使って表現”、”付帯状況のwithを使って表現”、”関係代名詞を使って状況を説明”の４つの表現方法を覚え、違う表現方法でパラフレイズしながら書く。
サッカーチケットの値段の変化
JAPAN：上がって下がる / UK：下がって上がる
After that / — after which で時系列に表現
上って下がる
JAPAN：10ドル（2000年）→ 40ドル（2010年）→ 20ドル（2020年）
In Japan, the price of a football ticket increased from 10 dollars in 2000 to 40 dollars in 2010. After that, the price dropped to 20 dollars in 2020.
In Japan, the price of a football ticket increased from 10 dollars in 2000 to 40 dollars in 2010, after which the price dropped to 20 dollars in 2020.
下がって上がる
UK：50ドル（2000年）→ 20ドル（2010年）→ 40ドル（2020年）
In the UK, the price of a football ticket decreased from 50 dollars in 2000 to 20 dollars in 2010. After that, the price rose to 40 dollars in 2020.
In the UK, the price of a football ticket decreased from 50 dollars in 2000 to 20 dollars in 2010, after which the price rose to 40 dollars in 2020.
前置詞beforeを使って表現
上って下がる
JAPAN：10ドル（2000年）→ 40ドル（2010年）→ 20ドル（2020年）
In Japan, the price of a football ticket was 10 dollars in 2000 before increasing to 40 dollars in 2010 and dropping to 20 dollars in 2020.
【直訳】日本では、footballのチケットの価格は、2010年に40ドルに上がり2020年に20ドルに下がる前は2000年には10ドルだった。⇒ 日本では、footballのチケットの価格は、2000年に10ドル、2010年に40ドルに値上がり、2020年に20ドルに値下がりした。
下がって上がる
UK：50ドル（2000年）→ 20ドル（2010年）→ 40ドル（2020年）
In the UK, the price of a football ticket was 50 dollars in 2000 before dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 and recovering to 40 dollars in 2020.
【直訳】UKでは、footballのチケットの価格は、2010年に20ドルに下がり2020年に40ドルに上がる前は2000年には50ドルだった。⇒ UKでは、footballのチケットの価格は、2000年に50ドル、2010年に20ドルに値下がり、2020年に40ドルに値上がりした。
付帯状況のwithを使って表現
上って下がる
JAPAN：10ドル（2000年）→ 40ドル（2010年）→ 20ドル（2020年）
In Japan, the price of a football ticket increased from 10 dollars in 2000 with the price reaching a peak of 40 dollars in 2010 but then declining to 20 dollars in 2020.
【直訳】日本では、footballのチケットの価格は、2000年に10ドルから値上がりして、その価格は2010年には40ドルに達したが2020年には20ドルに下がった。⇒ 日本では、footballのチケットの価格は、2000年に10ドル、2010年に40ドルに値上がり、2020年に20ドルに値下がりした。
下がって上がる
UK：50ドル（2000年）→ 20ドル（2010年）→ 40ドル（2020年）
In the UK, the price of a football ticket decreased from 50 dollars in 2000 with the price dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 but then rising to 40 dollars in 2020.
【直訳】UKでは、footballのチケットの価格は、2000年に50ドルから値下がりして、その価格は2010年には20ドルに値下がったが2020年には40ドルに上がった。⇒ UKでは、footballのチケットの価格は、2000年に50ドル、2010年に20ドルに値下がり、2020年に40ドルに値上がりした。
付帯状況のwithとは
「”メインで言いたいこと”, with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞 /過去分詞」の形で、メインで言いたいことにその状況を説明することができる。（現在分詞/過去分詞以外にも形容詞、副詞、前置詞もとれるがIELTSでは現在分詞と過去分詞のみを覚えればよい）
with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞（名詞が”する”）← IELTSではほぼこの表現
with 名詞 ＋過去分詞（名詞が”される”）
関係代名詞を使って状況を説明
上って下がる
JAPAN：10ドル（2000年）→ 40ドル（2010年）→ 20ドル（2020年）
In Japan, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 10 dollars in 2000, increased to 40 dollars in 2010 but then decreased to 20 dollars in 2020.
下がって上がる
UK：50ドル（2000年）→ 20ドル（2010年）→ 40ドル（2020年）
In the UK, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 50 dollars in 2000, decreased to 20 dollars in 2010 but then increased to 40 dollars in 2020.
上がって下がる、そしてまた増える / 下がって上がる、そしてまた下がる
上って下がる・下がって上がるの表現方法を組み合わせることで、「上がって下がって”また”上がる」や「下がって上がって”また”下がる」を表現することができる。（無理につなげて意味不明にならないように要注意）
サッカーチケットの値段の変化
上がって下がって”また”上がる
JAPAN：10ドル（2000年）→ 40ドル（2010年）→ 20ドル（2020年）→ 30ドル（2023年）
In Japan, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 10 dollars in 2000, increased to 40 dollars in 2010 but then decreased to 20 dollars in 2020. After that, it rose again to 30 dollars in 2023.
In Japan, the price of a football ticket, which stood at 10 dollars in 2000, increased to 40 dollars in 2010 but then decreased to 20 dollars in 2020, with the price rising again to 30 dollars in 2023.
下がって上がって”また”下がる
UK：50ドル（2000年）→ 20ドル（2010年）→ 40ドル（2020年）→ 30ドル（2023年）
In the UK, the price of a football ticket was 50 dollars in 2000 before dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 but then it recovered to 40 dollars in 2020. After that, it declined again to 30 dollars in 2023.
In the UK, the price of a football ticket was 50 dollars in 2000 before dipping to 20 dollars in 2010 but then it recovered to 40 dollars in 2020, with the price declining again to 30 dollars in 2023.
最低値/最高値への達し方の表現方法
過程の状況を説明しつつ、最終的にはどの値になったのかをto不定詞や接続詞afterを用いて書く。
to不定詞で最後の結果を書く
The sales increased by almost 0.3 million every year for 10 years to reach a peak of three million in 2023.
The sales decreased by almost 0.3 million every year for 10 years to reach the lowest point of one million in 2023.
After—で過程を書き、主節で結果を書く
The sales reached a peak of three million in 2023 after increasing by 0.3 million every year for 10 years.
The sales reached the lowest point of three million in 2023 after decreasing by 0.3 million every year for 10 years.
関係副詞を使ってその時なにがあったかを説明する方法
関係副詞（非制限用法: , when (コンマ when)）はいつ何が起きたかを説明するのに使える構文。とくに”需要が供給を超えた”など2つを比較するのに使える。
The demand of steel surged to 200 million tonnes per month in December, when the demand overtook the supply.
（12月に需要が供給を超えた）
The lowest temperatures recorded in Japan are in February, when conversely they are the highest in Australia.
（2月に日本では最低気温が記録されるが、オーストラリアでは最高気温が記録される）
In winter, the need for power gradually increases at a slower pace until evening, when it surges and peaks at about 48000 units at 8 p.m.
（夕方8時に電力需要はピークの48000 unitsを迎えた）
The monthly sales remained steady at £5 million until May, when they fell to roughly £2 million.
（5月までは£5 millionで一定だったが、5月に£2 millionまで落ちた)
使える表現・書き方：スタティックグラフ・表
1番・2番・3番の表現方法
一番大きいもの・小さいもの、二番目・三番目を書くことにより要素の比較ができるので1，2，3番の表現方法は必ず覚えておく。
1番大きい・小さい：最上級
Meat exports represented the highest proportion at 55% in 2000, whereas those of fish the lowest at 6%.
Automobile sales took the largest share at 70%, while that of motorbikes the smallest at 5%.
The younger generation consumed cheese the most at 20g per day on average, whereas elderly people eat it the least at 10g.
2番・3番に大きい・小さい：最上級を使って
Meat sales represented the second/third highest/lowest proportion in 2020.
Meat was the second/third most sold product in 2020. (* second/third leastはない(mostのみ))
The second/third most sold product was meat in 2020. (* second/third leastはない(mostのみ))
The second highest amount of water consumption in houses was for hand washing at 20%.
Making new friends in foreign countries is the second most difficult thing to deal with for young people.
highest/lowestを使って何番目に大きい/小さいを言うことはできるが、highestをmostを使って書くことはできても、leastを使って書くことはできない。
Meat sales represented the second highest proportion in 2020.
＝Meat was the second most sold product in 2020.
肉の売上げは2020年に2番目に高い割合を占めた。（上から2番目）
Meat sales represented the third lowest proportion in 2020.
✖(ダメ) Meat was the third least sold product in 2020. (* second/third leastはない(mostのみ))
肉の売上げは2020年に3番目に低い割合を占めた。（下から3番目）
in first/second/third place (the はつけない)
The proportion of citizens from Great Britain is in first / second / third place at XX%.
1番目、2番目、3番目、4番目の表現方法
1番目、2番目、3番目—の表現は、followed byやfollowingを使って、「XXが最も大きく、YYとZZが続く」と書くことができる。
Followed by
The proportion of citizens from Great Britain is in first place at 60%, followed by those from New Zealand and China at 20% and 10%, respectively.
90% of the population of Japan is made up of Japanese people themselves. This figure is followed by residents from China at 4%, Korea at 3%, Vietnam at 2% and people from other countries at 1%.
People having coffee at a cafe accounted for the largest percentage in Hobart at 65%, followed by Brisbane and Adelaide, at approximately 51% and 49%, respectively.
Automobiles represented the largest value of exports in total at £13.8 billion, followed by chemical products at £12.5 billion.
Following
Water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share of the total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. Following these two categories, industries consumed almost as much water as businesses, with the former at 11% and the latter at 10%.
比較級
比較対象のうちどちらが大きいかは比較級で表す。
Automobile sales took a larger share than motorbikes at 70% and at 5%, respectively.
The younger generation consumed more cheese than elderly people at 20g per day and 10g, respectively, on average.
何倍/何分の一の表現方法
比較をする際にどの程度どちらが大きいかを倍数表現で表す。
何倍：times / times as — as (2倍はtwice)
Japan exports automobiles worth £5.9 billion to the world, which is nearly five times the amount of money made from exporting food.
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is twice as much as that consumed by people over 65 and five times as much as those under 25.
In terms of the automobile industry, the value of exports from Japan stood at £13.8 billion in 2010, which was ten times as much as the UK sold.
何分の一：序数（1/2はhalf）
Residents used 15% of water for toilets, which was three-quarters the amount for washing clothes (20%). 10% of water was used in the kitchen, which was half the amount for washing clothes.
Industries and businesses accounted for roughly a fifth of water used in homes, standing at 11% and 10% of the overall water use, respectively.
(homeでの水の使用料は50％：industries(11%)もbusinesses(10%)もその約1/5）
Graduates working as freelance consultants received a relatively higher income with four-fifths of them earning more than $75,000.
同じくらい
The proportion of city dwellers from the UK is almost the same as that from New Zealand at approximately 90%.
The daily consumption of milk by the 26-45 age group is almost as much as the 45-65 age group at around 1660ml.
数値の説明の表現方法
数値を説明する際は、ただ何が何％だったかを書くのではなく、その説明（例：何が最も大きく何％であった / 何が何％で最も大きかった）を加えながら書く。その際に、”付帯状況のwithを使って数値を追加”、”分詞構文を使って数値を追加”、”関係代名詞を使って数値を追加”、”関係代名詞を使って説明を追加”する表現が使える。
付帯状況のwithを使って数値を追加
The most challenging aspect for young people is making new friends, with 53% of those surveyed reporting this.
The oldest age group finds making friends the easiest, with the proportion of people finding it a challenge standing at only 10%.
As for the dwelling areas, cities are far more popular than the countryside, with more than 80% of people living there.
Graduates working as freelance consultants received a relatively higher income, with half of them earning over $100,000.
The minority of the students decided to study further on a postgraduate course, with 8% of the total entirely focusing on advanced studying and 5% of them choosing to continue studying while also working part-time.
(Synonym: postgraduate course=advanced studying=continue studying)
The majority of water use in Japan was in the residential sector, with 57% used in houses and 13% used in apartments.
付帯状況のwithとは
「”メインで言いたいこと”, with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞 /過去分詞」の形で、メインで言いたいことにその状況を説明する。（現在分詞/過去分詞以外にも形容詞、副詞、前置詞もとれるがIELTSでは現在分詞と過去分詞のみを覚えればよい）
with 名詞 ＋ 現在分詞（名詞が”する”）← IELTSではほぼこの表現
Meat exports represented the majority of trade at 60%.
⇓
Meat exports represented the majority of trade, with the proportion standing at 60%.
with 名詞 ＋過去分詞（名詞が”される”）
Meat exports will / are likely to / are forecast to represent the majority of trade in the near future at 60%.
⇓
Meat exports will (probably) / are likely to / are forecast to represent the majority of trade in the near future, with the proportion expected to stand at 60%.
分詞構文を使って数値を追加
The proportion of people owning cars is lower for the older age group, standing at 36%.
The export values of automobiles and bicycles were unique as the figures outnumber those of imports, accounting for £4 billion and £2.3 billion, respectively.
関係代名詞を使って数値を追加
The people who immigrated from other countries are categorized as “Other”, which accounts for 14%.
Milk consumption by the under 18 group is the lowest at 1200 ml per day, of which 59% is full fat and 41% low fat.
関係代名詞を使って説明を追加
Nearly half of those over 55 years old find it difficult to learn a new language, which is the biggest obstacle for them when living abroad.
60% of Chinese people live in cities, which is far greater than the other countries.
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is the largest for all age groups. Milk consumption by the under 18 group is the lowest at 1200 ml per day, of which 59% is full fat and 41% low fat.
比較表現
スタティックグラフ・表は、ただ数字を書くだけではなく、接続詞、副詞、前置詞（句）を用いて数字を比べて書く。
接続詞：while / whereas (whereasは文頭では使えない)
People in the oldest age group (over 65) drink the most milk at 1900ml, whereas/while those in youngest group (under 25) drink the least at 1200ml.
More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk, whereas/while this trend is the opposite for those under 26.
副詞：conversely (反対に)
More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk. Conversely, this trend is the opposite for those under 26.
前置詞(句)：unlike, in comparison, on the other hand, compared to
The figure for the 18-34 age group stands at nearly 30% and compared to the 35-54 age group, it is 6% lower. (compared to + 比較対象：18-34 age groupと35-54 age groupの比較)
使える表現・書き方：地図
使える構文
分詞構文：結果—なった
The library has expanded leading to an increased number of books.
—することによって: by
Some new facilities have been added by eliminating some greenery.
A new research facility was developed by cutting trees down.
—一方で—
The building for cyber security has been expanded, whereas the area for the car park has been reduced. (cyber securityのビルは拡大される一方駐車場のスペースは減った)
The west side of the university has the library, while the east has the laboratory.（大学の西側は図書館で、一方東側は研究室）
地図でa/theの使い分け
もとからあるもの/変わる前のものにはtheを付けて新しいものはa/anを付けるか複数。（過去から過去、過去から現在、現在から未来の変化でも同じ）新しいものでも一度a/an/複数で書いたらその次からは”その（新しい—）”になるのでtheをつける。
The library, which was on the east side of the city in 1990, had been relocated to the north side by 2000.
(Libraryはもと(1990年)からある)
The car park has been replaced by a hospital.
(駐車場（変わる前のもの）の場所に病院（新しいもの）ができた)
The museum is scheduled to be renovated to facilitate a new wheelchair friendly toilet and computers.
(ミュージアム（もとからある）にはバリアフリートイレ（新しいもの）とコンピューター（新しいもの）が付くように改装される予定)
過去/現在/未来を表す副詞/表現
過去：In the past, In 2020
In the past, there was a lot of greenery alongside the river running through the northern part of the city.
かつては—だった：used to be
An indoor facility was made to contain a swimming pool, a café and changing rooms, which used to be in the open air. (かつては屋外だったswimming pool, caféは屋内施設になった)
The new facility will have a fitness centre in the place where the tennis courts used to be. (かつてテニスコートだった場所にフィットネスセンターができる)
現在：presently, At present, currently, after (the modification)
Presently, the layout has changed dramatically. (レイアウトが変わって今も変わった後の状態が続いているので現在完了形)
At present, there is a new library on the north side of the university.
未来：in the future, for the future
The map illustrates the present layout of the university and also the changes proposed for the future.
使える表現・書き方：プロセス
プロセスを書く際には、何がはじめにきて、次に何があって、その次に何があるのか、順番が分かるように書く。
プロセスの流れを表現する語句（接続詞、副詞）を覚えて流れを色々な表現でできるようにすることが必要。（First,—. Next,—, Next, —. Next, —ではスコアはでない）
順番の書き方
初めに
Firstly/Initially/First of all/To start with
Firstly, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
Initially, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
First of all, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
To start with, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
commence/start
Recycling commences when used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
Recycling starts when used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container.
次に
Then/subsequently/afterwards
Then, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
Subsequently, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
Afterwards, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
After that,/After
After that, a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre.
After transportation to the recycling centre, the plastic bottles are sorted automatically.
prior to / before
Used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container, prior to/before being carried by a garbage truck.
followed by
Used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container, followed by being collected / collection by a garbage truck.
Used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container, followed by a garbage truck collecting them.
Next/Then
Next/Then, the compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by sharp, circular rollers.
The pellets are then heated until they melt.
and then
The compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by rollers, and then the crushed pieces are dropped into a container filled with water.
and subsequently
The skin is thoroughly washed with water in a container, and subsequently the individual sheets of skin are soaked in another container filled with lime.
Subsequent to
Firstly, the leather skins from various animals are dried. Subsequent to this, they are carried to a factory by truck where they are sorted by hand.
最後に/最終的に
Finally/Ultimately
Finally, some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags are made.
Ultimately, some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags are made.
順番を表すのに使える構文
followed by
This circular process is comprised of three main stages including initial collection and sorting, followed by processing and cleaning, and finally making some products. (順番：collection and sorting ⇒ processing and cleaning ⇒ producing some products)
before
Then, the sheet is polished using equipment before being transferred by a lorry to another factory.（順番：sheet polishing ⇒ lorry ⇒ another factory）
The harvested vegetables are washed automatically before being cut by a machine with large rollers. (順番：washing vegetables ⇒ cut)
after which
The skins are thoroughly washed with water and lime in a large container, after which the individual sheets are soaked in another container filled with lime.
IELTS Writing Task 1 Sample
サンプル：ダイナミック
サンプル１：折れ線グラフ
The chart below shows the changes that took place in three different areas of crime in Mexico City from 2010 to 2019.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ダイナミックグラフは期間の最初（2010年）と最後（2019年）を比較して変化をつかむ
ボディ１： Burglaryは減少
ボディ２：Car theftとRobberyはほぼ同じ
特徴の捉え方
ボディ1：Burglaryの大きな特徴
- 2010年：数が最も多い
- 2011年：数百増える
- 2015年：減り続けて1000ちょっとに
- 2016年：1500近くまで増えて2018まで同じ
- 2019年：少し減り1500弱に
ボディ２：Car theftとRobberyの大きな特徴
- 2010年：Car theftとRobberyはそれぞれ2800と700
- Car theft
- 2012まで同じ数、2013年に2000ちょいに減る
- その後徐々に増え2013年にはBurglaryを超える
- 2019年と同じくらいの数に戻る
- Robbery
- 期間を通して500-1000の間で小さな変動、2010年と2019年は700くらい
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The chart below shows the changes that took place in three different areas of crime in Mexico City from 2010 to 2019.
パラフレイズ）The line graph illustrates how the number of incidents of crime in three categories in Mexico City changed between 2010 and 2019.
Overall
- burglaryは激減
- car theftとrobberyはあまり変化なし
- robberyはずっと低い
Overall, the number of burglaries decreased dramatically, whereas figures for car theft and robbery saw some slight fluctuations. Furthermore, robbery remained the least occurring crime over the period.
ボディ
ボディ 1：Burglary
- 2010年：数が最も多い(3500件)
- 2011年：数百増える
- 2015年：減り続けて1000ちょっとに
With regards to burglary, the number began at just below 3500 cases in 2010, which was the highest among the three categories, before increasing by a few hundred in 2011 and then declining continuously until 2015 to just 1000.
- 2016年：1500近くまで増えて2018まで同じ
- 2019年：少し減り1500弱に
After that, the figure rose to nearly 1500 in 2016 and levelled off until 2018, before dropping slightly to just under 1500 in 2019.
ボディ ２：Car theft, Robbery
- 2010年：Car theftとRobberyはそれぞれ2800と700
The number of cars being stolen and robberies taking place stood at approximately 2800 and 700, respectively, in 2010.
- Car theft：2012まで同じ数、2013年に2000ちょいに減る
The former remained unchanged until 2012 before falling to just above 2000 in 2013.(* former = cars being stolen = car theft)
- Car theft：その後徐々に増え2013年にはBurglaryを超え、2019年と同じくらいの数に戻る
After that, it began to grow gradually and surpassed the number of burglaries in the middle of 2013 to reach almost the same number in 2019 as at the beginning of the period.
- Robbery：期間を通して500-1000の間で小さな変動、2010年と2019年は700くらいで同じ
As for robbery, incidences hovered around the 750 mark and did not fall below 500 or exceed 1000 throughout the period, with the number at the end being the same as at the start.
全体
The line graph illustrates how the number of incidents of crime in three categories in Mexico City changed between 2010 and 2019. Overall, the number of burglaries decreased dramatically, whereas figures for car theft and robbery saw some slight fluctuations. Furthermore, robbery remained the least occurring crime over the period.
With regards to burglary, the number began at just below 3500 cases in 2010, which was the highest among the three categories, before increasing by a few hundred in 2011 and then declining continuously until 2015 to just 1000. After that, the figure rose to nearly 1500 in 2016 and levelled off until 2018, before dropping slightly to just under 1500 in 2019.
The number of cars being stolen and robberies taking place stood at approximately 2800 and 700, respectively, in 2010. The former remained unchanged until 2012 before falling to just above 2000 in 2013. After that, it began to grow gradually and surpassed the number of burglaries in the middle of 2013 to reach almost the same number in 2019 as at the beginning of the period. As for robbery, incidences hovered around the 750 mark and did not fall below 500 or exceed 1000 throughout the period, with the number at the end being the same as at the start.
サンプル２：棒グラフ
The chart below gives information about the price of tickets on one airline between Edinburgh and London over a two-week period in 2013.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
Edinburgh→LondonとLondon→Edinburghの料金の比較をさせている問題である
ボディ１もボディ２でもEdinburgh→LondonとLondon→Edinburghの比較ができるように第1週をボディ１に、第2週をボディ２にする。
Edinburgh→Londonをボディ１, London→Edinburghをボディ２としてしまうと、Edinburgh→LondonとLondon→Edinburghの比較ができなくなってしまい、それぞれの航路で運賃が上がった/下がったを書くだけになってしまう。
特徴の捉え方
解説のためにEdinburgh→LondonとLondon→Edinburghをそれぞれのグラフに分ける。
ボディ１: 第１週
- Edinburgh→Londonは月曜に最も高い£80
- 火曜/水曜£35、木曜£40くらい
- 金曜に£75に上がる
- 土曜に£70に下がり、日曜に£50
- London→Edinburghも似たパターンだけど金曜が最高値の£80
- （Edinburgh→Londonで最高値の）月曜は£60、水曜も同じくらいの£60
ボディ２: 第２週
- Edinburgh→Londonは月曜が£50（週に（1番ではなく）3番目に高い）であること以外第1週と毎日同じ値段
- London→Edinburghは第1週よりは変化が少ない
- 月曜に£40、火曜～木曜に£35、土日は£50、金曜に最高値の£60
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The char below give information about the price of tickets on one airline between Edinburgh and London over a two-week period in 2013.
パラフレイズ） The bar graph illustrates fluctuations of the airline ticket price from Edinburgh to London as well as the return trip for two weeks in 2013.
Overall
- 金曜から月曜は高めで火水曜は低めである点は似ている
Overall, the trends of week 1 and 2 are similar with the price being higher over the weekend and the lowest on Tuesday and Wednesday.
ボディ
ボディ 1：第１週
- Edinburgh→Londonは月曜に最も高い£80
- 火曜/水曜は£35に下がる (木曜£40は特に重要な情報ではないので省略)
During the first week, the price from Edinburgh to London started from a peak of £80 on Monday before fell sharply to just over £30 on Tuesday and Wednesday.
- 金曜に£75に上がる
- 土曜に£70に下がり、日曜に£50
After that, it soared to approximately £75 on Friday but dropped to £70 and subsequently to £50 over the weekend.
- London→Edinburghも似たパターンだけど金曜が最高値の£80
- （Edinburgh→Londonで最高値の）月曜は£60、土曜も同じくらいの£60
A similar pattern was seen for the return tickets, although the peak was on Friday at £80 and the price on Monday was as expensive as on Saturday at £60.
ボディ２：第2週
- Edinburgh→Londonは月曜が£50（週に（1番ではなく）3番目に高い）であること以外第1週と毎日同じ値段
The next week, as for tickets from Edinburgh to London, the price on each day was the same as the first week apart from on Monday when the price was £50.
- London→Edinburghは第1週よりは変化が少ない
- 月曜に£40、火曜～木曜に£35、土日は£50、金曜に最高値の£60
The return tickets in the second week did not fluctuate so much, compared to the first week, with the price being £40 on Monday, falling marginally to £35 from Tuesday to Thursday, and then rising to £50 at the weekend, while it reached a peak of £60 on Friday.
全体
The bar graph illustrates fluctuations of the airline ticket price from Edinburgh to London as well as the return trip for two weeks in 2013. Overall, the trends of week 1 and 2 are similar with the price being higher over the weekend and the lowest on Tuesday and Wednesday.
During the first week, the price from Edinburgh to London started from a peak of £80 on Monday before fell sharply to just over £30 on Tuesday and Wednesday. After that, it soared to approximately £75 on Friday but dropped to £70 and subsequently to £50 over the weekend. A similar pattern was seen for the return tickets, although the peak was on Friday at £80 and the price on Monday was as expensive as on Saturday at £60.
The next week, as for tickets from Edinburgh to London, the price on each day was the same as the first week apart from on Monday when the price was £50. The return tickets in the second week did not fluctuate so much, compared to the first week, with the price being £40 on Monday, falling marginally to £35 from Tuesday to Thursday, and then rising to £50 at the weekend, while it reached a peak of £60 on Friday.
サンプル３：円グラフ
The pie charts below show the percentage of five kinds of books sold by a bookseller between 1982 and 2002.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ダイナミックグラフは期間の最初（1982年）と最後（2002年）を比較して変化をつかむ
ボディ１：増加したジャンル＝Adult fiction, Children’s fiction
ボディ２：減少したジャンル＝Biography, Travel, Others
特徴の捉え方
ここでは参考のために、ボディ１では年ごとの特徴、ボディ２では種類ごとの特徴にまとめた。どちらかに統一する必要はない。
ボディ1：Adult fiction, Children’s fiction
- Adult fictionとChildren’s fictionは1982年から2002年で増えた
- 1982年：Adult fictionとChildren’s fictionはそれぞれ20％
- 1992年：Adult fictionは25％、Children’s fictionは22％に上昇
- 2002年：Adult fictionは45％、Children’s fictionは25％に上昇（1982年比でそれぞれ倍、+5％）
ボディ 2：Biography, Travel, Others
- Biography：20％（1982年）→ 15％（1992年）→ 8％（2002年）
- Others：25％（1982年）→ ［20％（1992年）］→ 12％（2002年）
- Travel：15％（1982年）→ +3％（1992年）］→ -10％（2002年）
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The charts below show the percentage of five kinds of books sold by a bookseller between 1982 and 2002.
パラフレイズ）The pie charts illustrate the proportion of books of different genres which were sold from 1982 to 2002 at one-decade intervals.
Overall
増加：adult fiction and children’s fiction
減少：Biography, Travel, Others
Overall, the proportion of adult fiction and children’s fiction increased, whereas that of the other three kinds, biography, travel, and others, decreased over the period.
ボディ
ボディ 1：Adult fiction, Children’s fiction
- Adult fictionとChildren’s fictionは1982年から2002年で増えた
The categories of adult fiction and children’s fiction underwent continuous growth.
- 1982年：Adult fictionとChildren’s fictionはそれぞれ20％
- 1992年：Adult fictionは25％、Children’s fictionは22％に上昇
Both stood at one fifth in 1982, and the former had grown to a quarter and the latter had risen 2% by 1992.
- 2002年：Adult fictionは45％、Children’s fictionは25％に上昇（1982年と比べるとそれぞれ2倍、+5％）
During the two decades from 1982 to 2002, adult fiction sales more than doubled to represent 45% and children’s fiction rose by 5%, resulting in the subtotal proportion of these two genres making up a 70% share in 2002.
ボディ ２：Biography, Travel, Others
- Biography：20％（1982年）→ 15％（1992年）→ 8％（2002年）
Biography, which took the same proportion as the aforementioned two categories in 1982, lost popularity from 20% in 1982 to 15% in 1992 and to only 8%, the lowest proportion, in 2002.
- Others：25％（1982年）→ ［20％（1992年）］→ 12％（2002年）
Also, the ‘others’ category declined from 25% to less than half at 12% over the period with the percentage standing at one fifth in 1992.
- Travel：15％（1982年）→ +3％（1992年）→ –10％（2002年）
With regards to travel, starting from 15%, it saw a slight rise of 3% from 1982 to 1992, while the proportion had dipped to 10% by 2002.
全体
The pie charts illustrate the proportion of books of different genres which were sold from 1982 to 2002 at one-decade intervals. Overall, the proportion of adult fiction and children’s fiction increased, whereas that of the other three kinds, biography, travel, and others, decreased over the period.
The categories of adult fiction and children’s fiction underwent continuous growth. Both stood at one fifth in 1982, and the former had grown to a quarter and the latter had risen 2% by 1992. During the two decades from 1982 to 2002, adult fiction sales more than doubled to represent 45% and children’s fiction rose by 5%, resulting in the subtotal proportion of these two genres making up a 70% share in 2002.
Biography, which took the same proportion as the aforementioned two categories in 1982, lost popularity from 20% in 1982 to 15% in 1992 and to only 8%, the lowest proportion, in 2002. Also, the ‘others’ category declined from 25% to less than half at 12% over the period with the percentage standing at one fifth in 1992. With regards to travel, starting from 15%, it saw a slight rise of 3% from 1982 to 1992, while the proportion had dipped to 10% by 2002.
サンプル：スタティック
サンプル４：表
The table below shows weekly consumption by age group of dairy products in a European country.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ボディ１: Milkの消費量の年代別の比較
ボディ２: Butterの消費量の年代別の比較
特徴の捉え方
ボディ1：Milkの消費量の年代別の比較
- 消費量：65歳以上が最も多い/25歳以下が最も少ない/26-45歳と45-65歳はほぼ同じ（1660前後）
- Low fat / Full fat：26歳以上（26-45、45-65、65 over）はLow fatを好み、25歳以下はFull fatを好む傾向
ボディ２：Butterの消費量の年代別の比較
- 消費量：45-65歳が60gで一番多い。65歳以上の2倍、25歳以下の5倍
- Low fatとFull fatの比率は、25歳以下：60％対40％、26-45歳：38% 対62%、その他（45-65歳、65歳以上）はほぼ同じ(50％対50％)
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The table below shows weekly consumption of dairy products by age group in a European country.
パラフレイズ）The table illustrates the amount of milk and butter consumed per week as well as the ratio of people who prefer full fat products to those who like low fat ones across four age groups in one European country.
問題文に触れられていなくてもボディパラグラフに入れる場合にはParaphraseにプラスして具体化する。
Overall
- Milk(主にlow fat)の消費量65以上グループが最大、Butterの消費量45-65歳グループが最大
- 25歳以下グループのグループはMilkもButterも消費量が最も低がfull fatの割合は最も大きい
Overall, the oldest group drinks milk the most, mainly low fat, and the 45-65 range group eat butter the most, whereas the youngest group consumes both milk and butter the least.
ボディ
ボディ 1：Milkの消費量の年代別の比較
- 消費量：
- 65歳以上グループが最も多い（1900ml）
- 25歳以下グループが最も少ない（1200ml）
- 26-45歳グループと45-65歳グループはほぼ同じ（1660ml前後）
With regards to milk consumption, people in the oldest age group (over 65) drink the most at 1900ml, whereas those in youngest group (under 25) the least at 1200ml. The consumption by the 26-45 age group is almost as much as by the 45-65 age group at around 1660ml.
- Low fat / Full fat：
- 26歳以上グループ（26-45、45-65、65 over）はLow fatを好む
- 25歳以下グループはFull fatを好む傾向
More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk, whereas this trend is opposite for those under 26.
ボディ ２：Butterの消費量の年代別の比較
- 消費量：
- 45-65歳グループが60gで一番多い
- （45-65歳の消費量は）65歳以上グループの2倍、25歳以下グループの5倍
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is the largest for all age groups and is five times as much as that consumed by those under 25s.
- Full fatとLow fatの比率：
- 25歳以下グループ：60％対40％
- 26-45歳グループ：38% 対62%
- その他（45-65歳グループ、65歳以上グループ）はほぼ同じ(50％対50％)
The ratio of their preference of full fat butter to low fat one is 60% to 40% for the youngest group and 38% to 62% for 26-45-year-old bracket, while this ratio is almost equal for the remaining two age groups.
全体
The table illustrates the amount of milk and butter consumed per week as well as the ratio of people who prefer full fat products to those who like low fat ones across four age groups in one European country. Overall, the oldest group drinks milk the most, mainly low fat, and the 45-65 range group eat butter the most, whereas the youngest group consumes both milk and butter the least.
With regards to milk consumption, people in the oldest age group (over 65) drink the most at 1900ml, whereas those in youngest group (under 25) the least at 1200ml. The consumption by the 26-45 age group is almost as much as by the 45-65 age group at around 1660ml. More people over 26 years old prefer low fat milk than full fat milk, whereas this trend is opposite for those under 26.
The amount of butter eaten by those in the 45-65 age group stands at 60g, which is the largest for all age groups and is five times as much as that consumed by those under 25s. The ratio of their preference of full fat butter to low fat one is 60% to 40% for the youngest group and 38% to 62% for 26-45-year-old bracket, while this ratio is almost equal for the remaining two age groups.
サンプル５：円グラフ＆棒グラフ
The charts show the total usage proportions for water in Canada and a breakdown of its residential purposes.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
特徴の捉え方
棒グラフは円ブラフのResidential (apartmentとhouses)の内訳なので特に棒グラフと円グラフを比較するようなことはなく、Body 1に円グラフ、Body 2に棒グラフとする。
ボディ1：円グラフの説明
- Residential (houses 57% + apartment 13%)が合計で70％
- Industries（11％）とBusiness（10％）はほぼ同じくらい
- GovernmentとOtherはそれぞれ6％と3％
ボディ２：棒グラフの説明
- 主に使用されているのはbathroomsとgardensでそれぞれ28％くらい
- Residentsは15％、Toilets and kitchenは10％で、washing clothes(20%)と比べるとResidents は3/4（15％/20％）、Toilets and kitchen（10％/20％）は半分。
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The charts show the total usage proportions for water in Canada and a breakdown of its residential purposes.
パラフレイズ）The pie chart compares the proportion of water consumption across six different categories and the bar chart illustrates the purpose of the water use in residences by percentage, both of which come from data in Canada in 2005.
Overall
- Housesの消費が最大
- Residences（apartmentとhouses）ではbathroomとgardensに主に使用されている
Overall, water consumption in houses accounted for the largest proportion. In residences, the water was used mainly for bathrooms and gardens.
ボディ
ボディ 1：円グラフの説明
- Residential (houses 57% + apartment 13%)が合計で70％
According to the pie chart, the water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share in total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively.
- Industries（11％）とBusiness（10％）はほぼ同じくらい
Following these two categories, industries consumed almost as much water as businesses, with the former at 11% and the latter at 10%.
- GovernmentとOtherはそれぞれ6％と3％
The use in governmental bodies represented 6% and the other sector used half of that amount.
ボディ ２：棒グラフの説明
- 主に使用されているのはbathroomsとgardensでそれぞれ28％くらい
Turning to the bar chart, the main purpose of the water consumption in residences was for bathrooms and gardens at approximately 28% each, meaning that the majority of water was used for these two purposes.
- Residentsは15％、Toilets and kitchenは10％で、washing clothes(20%)と比べるとResidents は3/4（15％/20％）、Toilets and kitchen（10％/20％）は半分。
Residents used 15% and 10% of water for toilets and kitchens, respectively, which was three-quarters and half of the amount for washing clothes (20%), respectively.
全体
The pie chart compares the proportion of water consumption across six different categories and the bar chart illustrates the purpose of the water use in residences by percentage, both of which come from data in Canada in 2005. Overall, water consumption in houses accounted for the largest proportion. In residences, the water was used mainly for bathrooms and gardens.
According to the pie chart, the water consumption in residences, namely apartments and houses, made up a 70% share in total, with apartments and houses standing at 57% and 13%, respectively. Following these two categories, industries consumed almost as much water as businesses, with the former at 11% and the latter at 10%. The use in governmental bodies represented 6% and the other sector used half of that amount.
Turning to the bar chart, the main purpose of the water consumption in residences was for bathrooms and gardens at approximately 28% each, meaning that the majority of water was used for these two purposes. Residents used 15% and 10% of water for toilets and kitchens, respectively, which was three-quarters and half of the amount for washing clothes (20%), respectively.
サンプル：地図
サンプル6：地図
The following diagrams show the present and planned developments in the biomedical campus of a university.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ボディ1：roads and the walkwayの変化
ボディ2：施設の変化
特徴の捉え方
ボディ1：roads and the walkwayの変化
- Walkwayは変わらない
- 左側から下って右側へ通りぬけるRoadはなくなる
- 左側のRoadは下まで延長され下側にも新しくRoadができる
- 下側のRoadと左側のRoadは途中で繋がり三角形の道ができる
ボディ２：施設の変化
- 緑地にGeneticsとBio-imagingのビルを追加
- Biochemistryのビルは鋭角のL字型のビルに拡大
- Car parkingはStudent向けのCar parkingに変更
- GeneticのビルはGenetic 2へ変更
- Biotechのビルは隣にもう一つできて繋がる
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The following diagrams show the present and planned developments in the biomedical campus of a university.
パラフレイズ）The two maps illustrate the existing arrangement and projected changes of a biomedical campus.
Overall
- いくつかの設備が追加される
- 緑地は減る
- 道路の配置も変更
- laboratoriesとwalkwayは変わらない
Overall, some facilities are expected to be added by cutting trees down and relocating roads, while the locations of the laboratories and the walkway will remain unchanged.
ボディ
ボディ 1：roads and the walkwayの変化
- Walkwayは変える予定はない
- 左側から下って右側へ通りぬけるRoadは、左側部分は下まで延長され、右側へ通りぬける部分はキャンパスの下側へ移る
As for the roads and the walkway, the existing walkway will stay the same but the road, which runs down the left side of the campus then through the full width to the right side, is planned to be extended to run along the whole left side of the campus and the other road will be moved to the bottom of the site.
- 下側のRoadと左側のRoadは途中で繋がり三角形の道ができる
Furthermore, this newly added road on the left side and the one at the bottom of the map will be connected by a through road, making a triangular-shaped area surrounded by the roads, which will be used as a staff car park.
ボディ ２：施設の変化
- 地図の左側
- 緑地にGeneticsとBio-imagingのビルを追加
- Bochemistryのビルは鋭角のL字型のビルに拡大
With regards to the facilities, on the top left side of the campus, buildings for genetics and bio-imaging will be added by removing greenery. Moreover, the existing building for biochemistry will be expanded and changed into an acute-angle L-shape along the walkway and the new road.
- 地図の右側１
- Car parkingはStudent向けのCar parkingに変更
- GeneticのビルはGenetic 2へ変更
On the right side of the campus, the current car park will be exclusively for students and the name of the building for genetics is expected to be changed to “Genetics 2”.
- 地図の右側２
- Biotechのビルは隣にもう一つできて繋がる
A new building for biotech will be built next to the existing one and both will be connected.
全体
The two maps illustrate the existing arrangement and projected changes of a biomedical campus. Overall, some facilities are expected to be added by cutting trees down and relocating roads, while the locations of the laboratories and the walkway will remain unchanged.
As for the roads and the walkway, the existing walkway will stay the same but the road, which runs down the left side of the campus then through the full width to the right side, is planned to be extended to run along the whole left side of the campus and the other road will be moved to the bottom of the site. Furthermore, this newly added road on the left side and the one at the bottom of the map will be connected by a through road, making a triangular-shaped area surrounded by the roads, which will be used as a staff car park.
With regards to the facilities, on the top left side of the campus, buildings for genetics and bio-imaging will be added by removing greenery. Moreover, the existing building for biochemistry will be expanded and changed into an acute-angle L-shape along the walkway and the new road. On the right side of the campus, the current car park will be exclusively for students and the name of the building for genetics is expected to be changed to “Genetics 2”. A new building for biotech will be built next to the existing one and both will be connected.
サンプル：プロセス
サンプル７：プロセス
The diagram below shows the process for recycling plastic bottles.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
ボディ１とボディ２への分け方
ボディ1：プロセスの前半（①～④）
ボディ2：プロセスの後半（⑤～⑨）
特徴の捉え方
一つ一つの流れを大まかに書く（あまり細かく書く必要はない）
イントロダクション
パラフレイズ
問題文）The diagram below shows the process for recycling plastic bottles.
パラフレイズ）The diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled.
Overall
ボトルの回収からリサイクル製品の製造までの手作業/機械作業の9段階のプロセス
Overall, it is a circular process containing nine stages with both manual and mechanised processes starting from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
ボディ
ボディ 1：プロセスの前半（①～④）
①To start with, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container and ②a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre. There, ③staff working for the centre pick out the bottles manually in order to sort them into the recyclables and non-recyclables. After that, ④the vast number of recyclable bottles are compressed into a cubic block.
ボディ ２：プロセスの後半（⑤～⑨）
Next, ⑤the compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by sharp, circular rollers, and then the crushed pieces are dropped into a container filled with liquid to be washed. Then, ⑥the small pieces of washed plastics are converted into pellets by a machine. ⑦The pellets are then heated until they melt and ⑧form raw materials from which ⑨some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags, are made. ①Some of these products are then throw away into the recycling and the process starts again.
circular processなので①に戻ることを最後に追加した
全体
The diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled. Overall, it is a circular process containing nine stages with both manual and mechanised processes starting from collecting used bottles to making recycled products.
To start with, used plastic bottles are collected in a designated container and a garbage truck carries the collected bottles to a recycling centre. There, staff working for the centre pick out the bottles manually in order to sort them into the recyclables and non-recyclables. After that, the vast number of recyclable bottles are compressed into a cubic block.
Next, the compressed blocks of bottles are crushed into small pieces by sharp, circular rollers, and then the crushed pieces are dropped into a container filled with liquid to be washed. Then, the small pieces of washed plastics are converted into pellets by a machine. The pellets are then heated until they melt and form raw materials from which some products, such as plastic containers, T-shirts, pencils as well as plastic bags, are made. Some of these products are then throw away into the recycling and the process starts again.
実践問題20
IELTS Writing Task 1には出題形式でご紹介したように次の10パターンがあります。この10パターンで自分の回答を作ってベースにしてください。10パターンのベースができればそれを応用して変えれば多くの問題に対応できます。
ここでは10パターンにそれぞれ2つずつ問題とサンプル回答、ポイント解説をご紹介します。是非自分の作った回答と照らし合わせて、表現や書き方の参考にしてください。
ダイナック棒グラフ その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The bar chart illustrates the total number of families in the United States categorised by average annual income from 2007 to 2015. Overall, over the eight-year period, all income groups witnessed rising trends except those falling in the middle-income group, which remained almost stable. The greatest increase as well as the highest proportion by the end of the period were observed among the highest earners.
In 2007, families with annual incomes under $25,000 numbered 25 million, a figure considerably higher than the ones earning $50,000-$74,999 (21 million) and $75,000-99,999 (14 million) but lower than those earning $25,000-$49,999 (27 million) and the ones earning over $100,000 (29 million). Four years later, the numbers of the wealthiest and the second-highest income households exhibited declining trend of a few million, whereas the lowest and the second-lowest earning bracket families underwent rises of approximately three and two millions, respectively.
By 2015, the number of the richest households had risen sharply to around 33 million, while the two lowest-earning groups showed slightly declining trends of about one million each, ending at around 27 to 28 million. The second highest earning households experienced a moderate rise concluding the period at 15 million. During the entire period, only the middle-income group demonstrated unchanged figures that stood at approximately 21 million.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The chat below shows the number of households in the United States by their annual income in 2007, 2011 and 2015.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The bar chart illustrates the total number of families in the United States categorised by average annual income from 2007 to 2015.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
オレンジの中間層（＄50,000-＄74,999）は一定で、この層を除いて2007年と2015年を比較すると全体的に収入は増えた（緑の枠）。
Overall, over the eight-year period, all income groups witnessed rising trends except those falling in the middle-income group, which remained almost stable.
Overall 2文目
2007年と2015年で紫の高所得層は最も増えて、最も多くの世帯数だった。
The greatest increase as well as the highest proportion by the end of the period were observed among the highest earners.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The bar chart illustrates the total number of families in the United States categorised by average annual income from 2007 to 2015. Overall, over the eight-year period, all income groups witnessed rising trends except those falling in the middle-income group, which remained almost stable. The greatest increase as well as the highest proportion by the end of the period were observed among the highest earners.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
まずは2011年、2015年と比較をするために2007年の状況を書きました。ここではLess than $25,000 (25 millions)の層が他の層と比べて真ん中にあったので、この層を基準にして、$50,000-$74,999 (21 million) と$75,000-99,999 (14 million) より多く、$25,000-$49,999 (27 million)と$100,000 (29 million) or overよりも少なかった。
In 2007, families with annual incomes under $25,000 numbered 25 million, a figure considerably higher than the ones earning $50,000-$74,999 (21 million) and $75,000-99,999 (14 million) but lower than those earning $25,000-$49,999 (27 million) and the ones earning over $100,000 (29 million).
ポイント
- 問題文のhouseholdが使われているのでfamiliesにパラフレイズ、グラフ下の凡例にはLess than $25,000と$100,000 (29 million) or overと書かれているのでこれらもunder $25,000とover $100,000にパラフレイズしました。
ボディ１ ２文目
2007年と2011年を比較して、1番富裕層と2番目に富裕層の層は数million減少したが（オレンジ）、1番貧しい層はだいたい3million増加（緑）し2番目に貧しい層はだいたい2million増加（紫）した。
Four years later, the numbers of the wealthiest and the second-highest income households exhibited declining trend of a few million, whereas the lowest and the second-lowest earning bracket families underwent rises of approximately three and two millions, respectively.
ポイント
- 2007年を1文目で基準にしているので2011は4年後（Four years later）と表現しました。
- 1番富裕層はthe wealthiestとしてあえて2番目に富裕層はthe second-highest incomeとパラフレイズしました（the lowest / the second-lowestはあえて同じlowを使ってみました）。
- 減った傾向を表すのにexhibited declining trendを使ったので増えた傾向はただdecliningをincreasingにするのではなくunderwent risesに変えました。
- whereasを使って比較をしました。比較表現についてはこちら
ボディ１全体
In 2007, families with annual incomes under $25,000 numbered 25 million, a figure considerably higher than the ones earning $50,000-$74,999 (21 million) and $75,000-99,999 (14 million) but lower than those earning $25,000-$49,999 (27 million) and the ones earning over $100,000 (29 million). Four years later, the numbers of the wealthiest and the second-highest income households exhibited declining trend of a few million, whereas the lowest and the second-lowest earning bracket families underwent rises of approximately three and two millions, respectively.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
ボディ１で2007年から2011年までの変化を書いたのでボディ２では2011年から2015年までの変化を書きます。
一番変動が大きいのが1番所得の多い層で33millionにまで上がって（オレンジ）、一方で低所得層の2つの層の数はだいたい1million下がって27-28millionになっています（緑）ので増えた層と減った層をwhileで対比させた。
By 2015, the number of the richest households had risen sharply to around 33 million, while the two lowest-earning groups showed slightly declining trends of about one million each, ending at around 27 to 28 million.
ポイント
ボディ２ ２文目
2番目に所得の高い世帯層は若干増えて2015年は15millionだった（オレンジ）。
The second highest earning households experienced a moderate rise concluding the period at 15 million.
ポイント
- 数が増えたことをイントロダクションではwitnessed rising trends、ボディ１ではunderwent rises、ボディ２の１文目ではrisen sharplyを使ったのでここではexperienced a moderate riseにパラフレイズしました。
- 分詞構文（concluding）を使って数字を表現しました。数字の表現についてはこちら
ボディ２ ３文目
イントロダクションパラグラフでも書いた通り真ん中の層の数は2007-2011-2015で21millionで変わらなかった。
During the entire period, only the middle-income group demonstrated unchanged figures that stood at approximately 21 million.
ポイント
- 数が同じだったことをイントロダクションではremained almost stableと書いたのでここではdemonstrated unchanged figuresとパラグラフしました。
- stood atなど数字を表す表現はこちら
ボディ2全体
By 2015, the number of the richest households had risen sharply to around 33 million, while the two lowest-earning groups showed slightly declining trends of about one million each, ending at around 27 to 28 million. The second highest earning households experienced a moderate rise concluding the period at 15 million. During the entire period, only the middle-income group demonstrated unchanged figures that stood at approximately 21 million.
ダイナック棒グラフ その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The bar graph illustrates the total time spent in billions of minutes on three different kinds of phone calls in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 2002. Overall, local calls were the most popular over the whole period, followed by national and international calls, with mobile calls occupying the third place. Furthermore, the duration spent on national and international calls as well as mobile calls increased over the period, narrowing the gap between the three categories by 2002.
The time spent on local calls rose steadily from just over 70 billion minutes in 1995 until 1999 when it peaked at approximately 90 billion, before gradually decreasing to end the period at almost the same duration as in 1995.
National and international calls demonstrated consistent increase year on year, from just over 35 billion minutes to a peak of just above 60 billion minutes during the period. Mobile phone usage duration grew at a more rapid pace from approximately 3 billion minutes in 1995 to nearly 45 billion minutes in 2002. This figure exhibited dramatic patterns between 1999 and 2001 when it was more than tripled from about 12 billion minutes to nearly 40 billion minutes. The continuous growth of the former paired with the surge of the latter significantly closed the gap between the three types of phone calls by the end of the period in 2002.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995 to 2002.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The bar graph illustrates the total time spent in billions of minutes on three different kinds of phone calls in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 2002.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
local callsは期間中常に1番多く、その次にnational and international calls、そして3番目がmobile callsだった。
Overall, local calls were the most popular over the whole period, followed by national and international calls, with mobile calls occupying the third place.
ポイント
- 1番目（most）や2番、3番（third place）の表現についてはこちら
- 1番目、2番目、3番目の書き方（followed byなど）はこちら
- 付帯状況のwithを使って説明を追加しました。付帯状況のwithについてはこちら
Overall 2文目
2002年を見ると、national and international callsとmobile callsが増えたことによって3つのタイプのcallの差が少なくなっていた（オレンジ）。
Furthermore, the duration spent on national and international calls as well as mobile calls increased over the period, narrowing the gap between the three categories by 2002.
- 分詞構文（narrowing）を使って説明を追加しました。分詞構文の表現についてはこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The bar graph illustrates the total time spent in billions of minutes on three different kinds of phone calls in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 2002. Overall, local calls were the most popular over the whole period, followed by national and international calls, with mobile calls occupying the third place. Furthermore, the duration spent on national and international calls as well as mobile calls increased over the period, narrowing the gap between the three categories by 2002.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
1995年に70 billionからスタートして徐々に上がって1995年にはピークの90 billionになり（オレンジ）、その後2002年まで減少し（緑）、2002年には1995年と同じくらい（70 billion）（紫）になった。
The time spent on local calls rose steadily from just over 70 billion minutes in 1995 until 1999 when it peaked at approximately 90 billion, before gradually decreasing to end the period at almost the same duration as in 1995.
ポイント
- 上がって下がっての表現はこちら
- 1995年⇒1999年（オレンジ）も1999年⇒2002年（緑）も徐々に上がって/下がってですが、同じ単語ではなくsteadilyとgraduallyにパラフレイズしました。どんな風に（増えた/減った）の表現はこちら
- when it peakedのようなその時何があったかをあらわす表現はこちら、最高値ピークに達する場合の表現はこちら
- 具体的な数字は読めないのでjust overやapproximatelyでだいたいの数字を書きました。だいたいの数字の表現はこちら
- 2002年に70 billionと書くのではなく1995年と同じくらい（at almost the same duration as in 1995）とパラフレイズしました。
ボディ１全体
The time spent on local calls rose steadily from just over 70 billion minutes in 1995 until 1999 when it peaked at approximately 90 billion, before gradually decreasing to end the period at almost the same duration as in 1995.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
National and international callsについて1995年の35 billionから年々徐々に上がって2002年に60 billionに達した（オレンジ）。
National and international calls demonstrated consistent increase year on year, from just over 35 billion minutes to a peak of just above 60 billion minutes during the period.
ポイント
ボディ２ ２文目＆3分目
Mobile phoneはNational and international callsよりも早いスピードで上がり1995年に3 billionだったのが2002年には45 billionになり（オレンジ）ったと書きました。また、続く文で特に1999年から2001年にかけては12 billionから40 billionに3倍以上になった（緑）。
Mobile phone usage duration grew at a more rapid pace from approximately 3 billion minutes in 1995 to nearly 45 billion minutes in 2002. This figure exhibited dramatic patterns between 1999 and 2001 when it was more than tripled from about 12 billion minutes to nearly 40 billion minutes.
ポイント
ボディ２ ４文目
イントロダクションで書いたように、National and international callsとMobile phoneの増加により3つのタイプの差が少なくなった（オレンジ）。
The continuous growth of the former paired with the surge of the latter significantly closed the gap between the three types of phone calls by the end of the period in 2002.
ポイント
ボディ2全体
National and international calls demonstrated consistent increase year on year, from just over 35 billion minutes to a peak of just above 60 billion minutes during the period. Mobile phone usage duration grew at a more rapid pace from approximately 3 billion minutes in 1995 to nearly 45 billion minutes in 2002. This figure exhibited dramatic patterns between 1999 and 2001 when it was more than tripled from about 12 billion minutes to nearly 40 billion minutes. The continuous growth of the former paired with the surge of the latter significantly closed the gap between the three types of phone calls by the end of the period in 2002.
ダイナミック折れ線グラフ その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The line chart illustrates production trends in the UK’s forestry sector between 1980 and 2000, assessed at ten-year intervals. Overall, paper & packaging, which was always depicted the highest output over the two decades, increased most significantly, whereas manufacturing of sawn-wood and wood pulp showed downward trends over the period.
The production of paper and packaging produced, which began at approximately 230 million tonnes in 1980, increased slightly to 250 million tonnes by 1990, after which it soared to 350 million tonnes during the next decade, making it the dominantly produced item by a substantial margin among the three products.
The production of sawn wood commenced at 200 million tonnes in 1980 declined steadily to 150 million tonnes in 1990 and further dropped to just below 130 million tonnes by 2000. Wood pulp production began at approximately 175 million tonnes in 1980 and decreased at a relatively slower rate than sawn wood reaching 150 million tonnes in 1990 when the output superseded sawn wood. Subsequently, manufacturing of wood pulp recovered marginally to almost 160 million tonnes in 2000.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The line graph below shows the production of paper, wood pulp and swan-wood in the UK from 1980 to 2000.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The line chart illustrates production trends in the UK’s forestry sector between 1980 and 2000, assessed at ten-year intervals.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
paper & packagingはどの年でも最も多くの生産量を占めており増加傾向にあった（オレンジ）、一方でsawn-woodとwood pulpは1980年と2000年を比較すると減少傾向にあった (緑)
Overall, paper & packaging, which was always depicted the highest output over the two decades, increased most significantly, whereas manufacturing of sawn-wood and wood pulp showed downward trends over the period.
ポイント
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The line chart illustrates production trends in the UK’s forestry sector between 1980 and 2000, assessed at ten-year intervals. Overall, paper & packaging, which was always depicted the highest output over the two decades, increased most significantly, whereas manufacturing of sawn-wood and wood pulp showed downward trends over the period.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
paper and packagingについて1980年に230 millionでスタートして1990年に250 millionに上昇（緑）、その後次の10年（1990年→2000年）で350 millionに急上昇（紫）して、3つの製品のなかで他と大きな差をつけて最も生産量が多い品になった（赤）。
The production of paper and packaging produced, which began at approximately 230 million tonnes in 1980, increased slightly to 250 million tonnes by 1990, after which it soared to 350 million tonnes during the next decade, making it the dominantly produced item by a substantial margin among the three products.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
The production of paper and packaging produced, which began at approximately 230 million tonnes in 1980, increased slightly to 250 million tonnes by 1990, after which it soared to 350 million tonnes during the next decade, making it the dominantly produced item by a substantial margin among the three products.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
sawn woodは1980年に200 millionでスタートして1990年に150 millionに減少（緑）、そして2000年には130 millionにさらに減少（紫）した。
The production of sawn wood commenced at 200 million tonnes in 1980 declined steadily to 150 million tonnes in 1990 and further dropped to just below 130 million tonnes by 2000.
ポイント
ボディ２ ２文目＆３文目
wood pulpの生産量は1980年に175 millionで始まり1990年に150 millionまでゆっくりと下がった（緑）。1990年にはsawn woodの生産量を上回った（赤）。その後、2000年には160 millionまで回復した（紫）。
Wood pulp production began at approximately 175 million tonnes in 1980 and decreased at a relatively slower rate than sawn wood reaching 150 million tonnes in 1990 when the output superseded sawn wood. Subsequently, manufacturing of wood pulp recovered marginally to almost 160 million tonnes in 2000.
ポイント
ボディ２全体
The production of sawn wood commenced at 200 million tonnes in 1980 declined steadily to 150 million tonnes in 1990 and further dropped to just below 130 million tonnes by 2000. Wood pulp production began at approximately 175 million tonnes in 1980 and decreased at a relatively slower rate than sawn wood reaching 150 million tonnes in 1990 when the output superseded sawn wood. Subsequently, manufacturing of wood pulp recovered marginally to almost 160 million tonnes in 2000.
ダイナミック折れ線グラフ その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The line chart illustrates participants’ trends of engagement across various activities at a social centre in Melbourne, Australia from 2000 to 2020. Overall, the number of participants in film clubs, table tennis, and musical performances increased to varying degrees, whereas participation in martial arts and amateur drama exhibited trends of stability and decline, respectively. Film club had been the most popular activity during the period, though table tennis demonstrated the strongest growth.
The number of individuals who participated in the film clubs was just below 65 in 2000, which gradually dipped to almost 60 in 2010, before it recovered to slightly above 65 in 2020. Table tennis showed a moderate increase from about 17 to 20 participations during the first five-year period after which it remained stable at the same level for the next five years, and after that, it surged to just over 50 by 2020. Musical performances, which was introduced in 2005, saw a continuous growth with participant numbers rising from just above 10 in 2010 to nearly 20 by the end of the period.
Contrastingly, the trend for martial arts was comparatively stable, fluctuating between 30 and 40 participants throughout the period. This figure was, however, overtaken by table tennis in 2015. The participants in amateur dramatics, commencing with 26 members in 2000, rose slightly to nearly 30 during the first half-decade before showing continuous decline to merely 6 participants during the next 15 years.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The graph below gives information on the numbers of participants for different activities at one social centre in Melbourne, Australia for the period 2000 to 2020.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The line chart illustrates participants’ trends of engagement across various activities at a social centre in Melbourne, Australia from 2000 to 2020.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
film clubs, table tennis, musical performancesは2000年から2020の間でメンバーが増えて（オレンジ）、martial artsはメンバー数ほぼ変わらず、amateur dramaは減少した（緑）。
Overall, the number of participants in film clubs, table tennis, and musical performances increased to varying degrees, whereas participation in martial arts and amateur drama exhibited trends of stability and decline, respectively.
ポイント
- 上がる/増える（increased）の表現はこちら、下がる/減る（decline）の表現はこちら、変わらない/一定（stability）の表現はこちら
- whereasを使ったOverallでの対比表現はこちら
Overall ２文目
Film clubは2000年から2020年にかけて一番人気があり、table tennisは一番人数が増えた（紫）。
Film club had been the most popular activity during the period, though table tennis demonstrated the strongest growth.
ポイント
- ボディ1、ボディ２に分ける特徴以外にも、最もメンバーが多い（most popular）クラブ・最もメンバーが増えた（strongest growth）クラブを書きました。
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The line chart illustrates participants’ trends of engagement across various activities at a social centre in Melbourne, Australia from 2000 to 2020. Overall, the number of participants in film clubs, table tennis, and musical performances increased to varying degrees, whereas participation in martial arts and amateur drama exhibited trends of stability and decline, respectively. Film club had been the most popular activity during the period, though table tennis demonstrated the strongest growth.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
Film clubsの参加者は2000年には65人だったのが2010年には60人に減少（緑）、しかし2020年には65人を少し上回るくらいに増加した（紫）。
The number of individuals who participated in the film clubs was just below 65 in 2000, which gradually dipped to almost 60 in 2010, before it recovered to slightly above 65 in 2020.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
Table tennisは最初の5年（2000年→2005年）で約17人から20人に増え（緑）、その後の5年（2005年→2010年）は同じ人数を維持（オレンジ）し、その後2020年にかけて50人上回る人数に増えた（紫）。
Table tennis showed a moderate increase from about 17 to 20 participations during the first five-year period after which it remained stable at the same level for the next five years, and after that, it surged to just over 50 by 2020.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
Musical performancesは2005年に設立されて2010年には10人を少し超える人数（オレンジ）、2020年には20人弱にまで増えた（緑）。
Musical performances, which was introduced in 2005, saw a continuous growth with participant numbers rising from just above 10 in 2010 to nearly 20 by the end of the period.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
The number of individuals who participated in the film clubs was just below 65 in 2000, which gradually dipped to almost 60 in 2010, before it recovered to slightly above 65 in 2020. Table tennis showed a moderate increase from about 17 to 20 participations during the first five-year period after which it remained stable at the same level for the next five years, and after that, it surged to just over 50 by 2020. Musical performances, which was introduced in 2005, saw a continuous growth with participant numbers rising from just above 10 in 2010 to nearly 20 by the end of the period.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目＆２文目
Martial artsは他よりも人数の変動が安定して30人と40人の間を変動していた（オレンジ）。また、人数は2015年にTable tennisに抜かれた（赤）。
Contrastingly, the trend for martial arts was comparatively stable, fluctuating between 30 and 40 participants throughout the period. This figure was, however, overtaken by table tennis in 2015.
ポイント
ボディ２ ３文目
Amateur dramaticsは2000年は26人のメンバーで2005年に30人弱に上がり（オレンジ）、2020年にはたった6人にまで徐々に減少した（緑）。
The participants in amateur dramatics, commencing with 26 members in 2000, rose slightly to nearly 30 during the first half-decade before showing continuous decline to merely 6 participants during the next 15 years.
ポイント
ボディ２全体
Contrastingly, the trend for martial arts was comparatively stable, fluctuating between 30 and 40 participants throughout the period. This figure was, however, overtaken by table tennis in 2015. The participants in amateur dramatics, commencing with 26 members in 2000, rose slightly to nearly 30 during the first half-decade before showing continuous decline to merely 6 participants during the next 15 years.
ダイナミック円グラフ その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The pie charts illustrate the change in the percentage of distribution of energy produced by several sources in a particular country between 1985 and 2003. Overall, the data reveal an energy shift from the use of oil and nuclear power to relying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable energy sources, although oil still remained the most dominant source of energy in both years.
The proportion of oil, which accounted for the largest source of power in 1985 at just above half, had declined to nearly two fifth by 2003, although it continued to lead as the primary energy source. Likewise, the use of nuclear power, which was the second most pervasive energy source, lessened to almost one-third from 22% in 1985 to 8% by 2003, positioning it at fourth place. However, the proportion of hydro energy remained constant in both years, contributing only 4%.
The consumption of natural gas saw a notable increase from third place at 13% in 1985 to nearly one quarter in 2003, making it the second most common energy source. The percentage of coal witnessed the most noticeable increase from just 8% to 22%, nearly matching the share of natural gas. The contributory proportion of other renewable energy sources quadrupled from 1% to 4%, although it represented the lowest proportion in both years.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The charts below show changes in the proportion of energy produced from different resources in a country in 1985 and 2003.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The pie charts illustrate the change in the percentage of distribution of energy produced by several sources in a particular country between 1985 and 2003.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
1985年と2003年を比較して、oilとnuclear powerの割合が減少して（緑）、natural gasとcoalと renewable energyの割合が増えた（オレンジ）。またoilはどちらの年も最も大きな割合をしめる。
Overall, the data reveal an energy shift from the use of oil and nuclear power to relying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable energy sources, although oil still remained the most dominant source of energy in both years.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The pie charts illustrate the change in the percentage of distribution of energy produced by several sources in a particular country between 1985 and 2003. Overall, the data reveal an energy shift from the use of oil and nuclear power to relying more on natural gas, coal and various renewable energy sources, although oil still remained the most dominant source of energy in both years.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
Oilの割合は52％から39％に減った（オレンジ）。また、減っても主なエネルギー源になっている。
The proportion of oil, which accounted for the largest source of power in 1985 at just above half, had declined to nearly two fifth by 2003, although it continued to lead as the primary energy source.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
oilと同様にnuclear powerも22％から8％に減少した（オレンジ）。
Likewise, the use of nuclear power, which was the second most pervasive energy source, lessened to almost one-third from 22% in 1985 to 8% by 2003, positioning it at fourth place.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
hydro energyの割合は4％で1985年と2003年で変わらなかった（オレンジ）。
However, the proportion of hydro energy remained constant in both years, contributing only 4%.
ポイント
- 変わらない/一定（remained constant）の表現はこちら
ボディ１全体
The proportion of oil, which accounted for the largest source of power in 1985 at just above half, had declined to nearly two fifth by 2003, although it continued to lead as the primary energy source. Likewise, the use of nuclear power, which was the second most pervasive energy source, lessened to almost one-third from 22% in 1985 to 8% by 2003, positioning it at fourth place. However, the proportion of hydro energy remained constant in both years, contributing only 4%.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
natural gasの割合は1985年は3番目に多い13％だったのが2003年には23％に増えた（オレンジ）。
The consumption of natural gas saw a notable increase from third place at 13% in 1985 to nearly one quarter in 2003, making it the second most common energy source.
ポイント
ボディ２ ２文目
coalの割合は8%から22％に上がって（オレンジ）、natural gas(23%)とほぼ同じ割合になった。
The percentage of coal witnessed the most noticeable increase from just 8% to 22%, nearly matching the share of natural gas.
ポイント
ボディ２ ３文目
other renewable energyは1％から4％に減った（オレンジ）。
The contributory proportion of other renewable energy sources quadrupled from 1% to 4%, although it represented the lowest proportion in both years.
ポイント
- ただ1％から4％に減ったと書くのではなく1/4になった（quadrupled）と書きました。何分の1になる表現はこちら
ボディ２全体
The consumption of natural gas saw a notable increase from third place at 13% in 1985 to nearly one quarter in 2003, making it the second most common energy source. The percentage of coal witnessed the most noticeable increase from just 8% to 22%, nearly matching the share of natural gas. The contributory proportion of other renewable energy sources quadrupled from 1% to 4%, although it represented the lowest proportion in both years.
ダイナミック円グラフ その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The two pie charts compare the distribution of voluntary workers across six different sections in 2008 and 2014. Overall, the number of volunteers working in the environment, sports and healthcare organisations increased, whereas those in art, education and other sectors decreased.
The proportion of voluntary workers engaged in the environment and sports categories increased by 8% and 10%, respectively. The former represented the largest proportion at 29% of the share, and the latter saw a notable increase of 10%, becoming the second largest sector reaching a quarter of the total in 2014. Between these two years, there was a marginal growth of 1% in the number of people volunteering in healthcare category, though the proportion remained the smallest category at 7% in 2008 and 8% in 2014.
In contrast, the percentage of the other three remaining categories exhibited decreasing trends over the period. The education sector dropped by 7%, and enrolment in art and the others category both declined by 6% to 12% and 9%, respectively. As a result, education sector, which accounted for the largest percentage of volunteers in 2008 at 24%, dipped to third place in 2014 with a share of 17%.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The charts below show the percentage of volunteers by organisations in 2008 and 2014.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The two pie charts compare the distribution of voluntary workers across six different sections in 2008 and 2014.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
environment, sports, healthcareは増加（オレンジ）し、art, education, otherは減少（緑） した。
Overall, the number of volunteers working in the environment, sports and healthcare organisations increased, whereas those in art, education and other sectors decreased.
ポイント
- 増加と減少をwhereasで対比。Overallでの対比表現はこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The two pie charts compare the distribution of voluntary workers across six different sections in 2008 and 2014. Overall, the number of volunteers working in the environment, sports and healthcare organisations increased, whereas those in art, education and other sectors decreased.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目＆２文目
environmentのボランティアに取り組んだ人は8％増加（緑）、sportsのボランティアに取り組んだ人は10％増加（紫）した。environmentのボランティア数は2014年には一番大きい割合の29％を占め、sportsのボランティア数は一番多く増え(＋10％)、25％で2番目に大きい割合になった。
The proportion of voluntary workers engaged in the environment and sports categories increased by 8% and 10%, respectively. The former represented the largest proportion at 29% of the share, and the latter saw a notable increase of 10%, becoming the second largest sector reaching a quarter of the total in 2014.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
healthcareでボランティアをした人の数は1％増加したが、2008年は7％、2014年は8％でもっとも小さい割合（緑）だった。
Between these two years, there was a marginal growth of 1% in the number of people volunteering in healthcare category, though the proportion remained the smallest category at 7% in 2008 and 8% in 2014.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
The proportion of voluntary workers engaged in the environment and sports categories increased by 8% and 10%, respectively. The former represented the largest proportion at 29% of the share, and the latter saw a notable increase of 10%, becoming the second largest sector reaching a quarter of the total in 2014. Between these two years, there was a marginal growth of 1% in the number of people volunteering in healthcare category, though the proportion remained the smallest category at 7% in 2008 and 8% in 2014.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目＆２文目
education, art, othersは減少した。educationは7％減少し（緑）、artは6％減少し（オレンジ）、othersは6％減少（紫）した。
In contrast, the percentage of the other three remaining categories exhibited decreasing trends over the period. The education sector dropped by 7%, and enrolment in art and the others category both declined by 6% to 12% and 9%, respectively.
ポイント
ボディ２ ３文目
educationは2008年には24％で一番大きい割合を占めていたが、2014年には17％で3番目に大きい割合に下がった。
As a result, education sector, which accounted for the largest percentage of volunteers in 2008 at 24%, dipped to third place in 2014 with a share of 17%.
ポイント
ボディ２全体
In contrast, the percentage of the other three remaining categories exhibited decreasing trends over the period. The education sector dropped by 7%, and enrolment in art and the others category both declined by 6% to 12% and 9%, respectively. As a result, education sector, which accounted for the largest percentage of volunteers in 2008 at 24%, dipped to third place in 2014 with a share of 17%.
ダイナミック表 その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The table presents the percentage of school students attending four types of secondary schools in 2000, 2005, and 2009. Overall, the specialist, grammar, and voluntary-controlled schools experienced a decline in enrolment, whereas community schools emerged as the most preferred option during this period.
The proportion of students in voluntary-controlled schools decreased significantly, falling from just over half to merely one-fifth between 2000 and 2009. Likewise, the percentage of students attending grammar schools, which was just under one-quarter in 2000, halved during the same period. In the case of specialist schools, a relatively small proportion of students enrolled, which was 12% in 2000. This statistic dropped by 1% during the period until 2005 and even during the next four years until 2009.
In contrast to these declines, community schools witnessed a sharp rise in popularity. Enrolment in these schools, which accounted for only a small minority at 12% in 2000, more than doubled to 32% by 2005 before surging to 58% in 2009, making them the leading provider of secondary education by the end of the period.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The table below shows the proportions of pupils attending four secondary school types between 2000 and 2009.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The table presents the percentage of school students attending four types of secondary schools in 2000, 2005, and 2009.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
specialist, grammar, voluntary-controlled schoolsは減少した（緑）一方で、community schoolsは増加した（オレンジ）。
Overall, the specialist, grammar, and voluntary-controlled schools experienced a decline in enrolment, whereas community schools emerged as the most preferred option during this period.
ポイント
- 増加と減少をwhereasで対比。Overallでの対比表現はこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The table presents the percentage of school students attending four types of secondary schools in 2000, 2005, and 2009. Overall, the specialist, grammar, and voluntary-controlled schools experienced a decline in enrolment, whereas community schools emerged as the most preferred option during this period.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
voluntary-controlled schoolsの割合が最も大きく下がり2000年には52％だったのが2009年には20％になった。
The proportion of students in voluntary-controlled schools decreased significantly, falling from just over half to merely one-fifth between 2000 and 2009.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
grammar schoolsは2000年に24％だったのが2000年には12％に半減した。
Likewise, the percentage of students attending grammar schools, which was just under one-quarter in 2000, halved during the same period.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目＆４分目
specialist schoolsは2000年に12％でボディ1のパラグラフで対象にしているspecialist, grammar, voluntary-controlled schoolsの中では小さい％だった。
In the case of specialist schools, a relatively small proportion of students enrolled, which was 12% in 2000. This statistic dropped by 1% during the period until 2005 and even during the next four years until 2009.
ポイント
- 関係代名詞（which）を使って数の説明を追加しました。数値の説明の表現方法はこちら
- この３文目＆４分目は１文で”Specialist schools, which already catered to a relatively small proportion of pupils at 12% in 2000, experienced a steady decline of 1% by 2005 and again by 2009″.のようにも書けますが、ボディ１の2文目（前の文）と形が同じになってしまうのであえてThis statistic declinedで繋げて2文に分けて書きました。
- 12％→11％→10％の1％づつ減少をduring the period until 2005とeven during the next four years until 2009に分けて書きました。
- 前の文でfalling, halved, declinedを使って減るを表したのでここではdroppedにパラフレイズしました。下がる/減るの表現はこちら
ボディ１全体
The proportion of students in voluntary-controlled schools decreased significantly, falling from just over half to merely one-fifth between 2000 and 2009. Likewise, the percentage of students attending grammar schools, which was just under one-quarter in 2000, halved during the same period. In the case of specialist schools, a relatively small proportion of students enrolled, which was 12% in 2000. This statistic dropped by 1% during the period until 2005 and even during the next four years until 2009.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目＆２文目
community schoolsの割合は増加した。その割合は2000年の12％から2005年に32％に倍以上になり、2009年に58％になり、最も割合の大きいsecondary educationのproviderになった。
In contrast to these declines, community schools witnessed a sharp rise in popularity. Enrolment in these schools, which accounted for only a small minority at 12% in 2000, more than doubled to 32% by 2005 before surging to 58% in 2009, making them the leading provider of secondary education by the end of the period.
ポイント
- ボディ１で下がるをdecrineやdrop（動詞）で表したので、上がるはrise（名詞）を使ってwitnessed a (sharp) riseにしました。上がる/増えるの表現はこちら
- 上がってまた上がる(which/before)の表現は上がって下がる/下がって上がる（こちら）を応用して書きました。
- 12%であるをbe動詞ではなくaccounted forで書きました。—(数字)であるの表現はこちら
- 12％から32％をあえてmore than doubledと書きました。何倍の書き方はこちら
- イントロダクションパラグラフで”most preferred option”と書いたのでここではパラフレイズしてleading providerと書きました。
ボディ２全体
In contrast to these declines, community schools witnessed a sharp rise in popularity. Enrolment in these schools, which accounted for only a small minority at 12% in 2000, more than doubled to 32% by 2005 before surging to 58% in 2009, making them the leading provider of secondary education by the end of the period.
ダイナミック表 その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The table provides data on the number of visitors to the UK, their total expenditure, and the duration of their stays from 2003 to 2008. Overall, there were upward trends in most categories, with total spending showing the largest proportional growth. However, the average number of nights per visit exhibited an initial increase before declining towards the end of the period.
From 2003 to 2006, both the number of visits and total expenditure rose steadily, with visitor numbers increasing by approximately 2–3 million annually from nearly 25 million to almost 32.7 million. Similarly, overall costs grew from roughly £12 billion to £16 billion over the same period. In 2007, the number of visits reached its highest level, with a modest increase of 65,000, while total expenses slightly decreased by £42 million. By 2008, absolute expenditure rebounded to peak at approximately £16.3 billion, although the number of visitors declined to just below 32 million.
The average expenditure per visit rose overall, increasing from £475 in 2003 to £511 in 2008, despite a dip to £466 in 2004. Meanwhile, the average length of stay remained stable at 8.2 nights for the first two years before increasing incrementally by 0.1 nights per year until 2006. Thereafter, it dropped abruptly to 7.7 nights in the final two years of the period.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The table below gives information about the number of visitors in the UK, their total and average spending and average nights per visits from 2003 to 2008.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The table provides data on the number of visitors to the UK, their total expenditure, and the duration of their stays from 2003 to 2008.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
全体的に増加傾向にあり（オレンジ）、total spending(£11.855→£16.323)が割合的には一番増えた（赤）。average number of nightsは最初増えたが最終的に減った（緑）。
Overall, there were upward trends in most categories, with total spending showing the largest proportional growth. However, the average number of nights per visit exhibited an initial increase before declining towards the end of the period.
ポイント
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The table provides data on the number of visitors to the UK, their total expenditure, and the duration of their stays from 2003 to 2008. Overall, there were upward trends in most categories, with total spending showing the largest proportional growth. However, the average number of nights per visit exhibited an initial increase before declining towards the end of the period.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目＆２文目
number of visitsとtotal spendは2003年から2008年にかけて両方増加し、number of visitsは年間2 million～3 million増加した（オレンジ）。同様にtotal spendも約£12 billionから約£16 billionに増加した（緑）。
From 2003 to 2006, both the number of visits and total expenditure rose steadily, with visitor numbers increasing by approximately 2–3 million annually from nearly 25 million to almost 32.7 million. Similarly, overall costs grew from roughly £12 billion to £16 billion over the same period.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
2007年にはnumber of visitsは65,000（0.065 million）増加して最高値を記録したけれど、total spendは£42 million減少した。
In 2007, the number of visits reached its highest level, with a modest increase of 65,000, while total expenses slightly decreased by £42 million.
ポイント
ボディ１ ４文目
2008にtotal spendは約16.3 billionで最高値に達したが、number of visitsは32 millionを少し下回る値に下がった。
By 2008, absolute expenditure rebounded to peak at approximately £16.3 billion, although the number of visitors declined to just below 32 million.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
From 2003 to 2006, both the number of visits and total expenditure rose steadily, with visitor numbers increasing by approximately 2–3 million annually from nearly 25 million to almost 32.7 million. Similarly, overall costs grew from roughly £12 billion to £16 billion over the same period. In 2007, the number of visits reached its highest level, with a modest increase of 65,000, while total expenses slightly decreased by £42 million. By 2008, absolute expenditure rebounded to peak at approximately £16.3 billion, although the number of visitors declined to just below 32 million.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
Average spend per visitは2004年に£466に下がったことはあるものの、2003年に£475から2008年に£511まで毎年上がり続けた。
The average expenditure per visit rose overall, increasing from £475 in 2003 to £511 in 2008, despite a dip to £466 in 2004.
ポイント
ボディ２ ２文目＆３文目
Average nights per visitは最初の2年間（2003年と2004年は）8.2で一定で、その後8.3（2005年）、8.4（2006年）と0.1づつ2006年まで増えた（オレンジ）。その後、2007年と2008年は7.7に下がった（緑）。
Meanwhile, the average length of stay remained stable at 8.2 nights for the first two years before increasing incrementally by 0.1 nights per year until 2006. Thereafter, it dropped abruptly to 7.7 nights in the final two years of the period.
ポイント
ボディ２全体
The average expenditure per visit rose overall, increasing from £475 in 2003 to £511 in 2008, despite a dip to £466 in 2004. Meanwhile, the average length of stay remained stable at 8.2 nights for the first two years before increasing incrementally by 0.1 nights per year until 2006. Thereafter, it dropped abruptly to 7.7 nights in the final two years of the period.
スタティック棒グラフ その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The bar chart depicts the preferences of residents in five Australian cities regarding the purchase and consumption of coffee and tea over the past four weeks. Overall, visiting a café was the most common habit in all cities except Adelaide. Moreover, the percentage of individuals purchasing instant coffee consistently exceeded that of those buying fresh coffee across all cities.
Sydney, Melbourne, and Hobart exhibited similar trends, with nearly identical proportions of residents, ranging between 61% and 63%, frequenting cafés. Among these cities, Hobart had the highest percentage of individuals buying instant coffee, at just under 55%, followed by Melbourne at 48% and Sydney at slightly over 45%. In contrast, the proportion of Hobart residents purchasing fresh coffee, at around 38%, was lower than in Melbourne and Sydney, where it stood at approximately 43%.
In Brisbane and Adelaide, visiting cafés was less popular, with 55% and about 48% of residents, respectively, engaging in this activity. The percentage of individuals purchasing fresh coffee was also similar in these cities, both slightly below 35%. Instant coffee proved to be more popular in Brisbane, with approximately 52% of residents opting for it, while 50% of Adelaide residents chose this option. Notably, Adelaide was unique in that buying instant coffee slightly surpassed visiting cafés in popularity.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The chart below shows the results of a survey about people’s coffee and tea buying and drinking habits in five Australian cities in last four weeks.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The bar chart depicts the preferences of residents in five Australian cities regarding the purchase and consumption of coffee and tea over the past four weeks.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
Adelaideを除いてどこの都市でもカフェに行く人が一番多い（オレンジ）。さらに全ての都市でinstant coffeeを買う人の数はfresh coffeeを買う人の数より多い（緑）。
Overall, visiting a café was the most common habit in all cities except Adelaide. Moreover, the percentage of individuals purchasing instant coffee consistently exceeded that of those buying fresh coffee across all cities.
ポイント
- 例外があっても全体の傾向を書く場合にはexceptが使えます。
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The bar chart depicts the preferences of residents in five Australian cities regarding the purchase and consumption of coffee and tea over the past four weeks. Overall, visiting a café was the most common habit in all cities except Adelaide. Moreover, the percentage of individuals purchasing instant coffee consistently exceeded that of those buying fresh coffee across all cities.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
Sydney, Melbourne, Hobartの3つの都市では61％～63％の人々がカフェに行く点が共通している（オレンジ）。
Sydney, Melbourne, and Hobart exhibited similar trends, with nearly identical proportions of residents, ranging between 61% and 63%, frequenting cafés.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
これらの3つの都市の内、instant coffeeを買う人の割合はHobartが最も高く55％弱（オレンジ）、次いでMelbourneが48%（緑）、Sydneyが45%を少し上回るくらい（紫）だった。
Among these cities, Hobart had the highest percentage of individuals buying instant coffee, at just under 55%, followed by Melbourne at 48% and Sydney at slightly over 45%.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
（instant coffee）とは逆にfresh coffeeを買う人はHobartが約38%で、MelbourneとSydney（両方だいたい43％）よりも少なかった。
In contrast, the proportion of Hobart residents purchasing fresh coffee, at around 38%, was lower than in Melbourne and Sydney, where it stood at approximately 43%.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
Sydney, Melbourne, and Hobart exhibited similar trends, with nearly identical proportions of residents, ranging between 61% and 63%, frequenting cafés. Among these cities, Hobart had the highest percentage of individuals buying instant coffee, at just under 55%, followed by Melbourne at 48% and Sydney at slightly over 45%. In contrast, the proportion of Hobart residents purchasing fresh coffee, at around 38%, was lower than in Melbourne and Sydney, where it stood at approximately 43%.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
BrisbaneとAdelaideでカフェに行く人は（ボディ１の3都市よりは少なく）Brisbaneが55％（緑）でAdelaideが約48％だった。
In Brisbane and Adelaide, visiting cafés was less popular, with 55% and about 48% of residents, respectively, engaging in this activity.
ポイント
ボディ２ ２文目
fresh coffeeを買う人の割合はBrisbaneとAdelaideではほぼ同じで35％くらいだった。
The percentage of individuals purchasing fresh coffee was also similar in these cities, both slightly below 35%.
ポイント
- slightly belowなどだいたいの数の表し方はこちら
ボディ２ ２文目＆３文目
instant coffeeをこの2つの都市で比べたとき、Brisbaneの方が人気で52％（緑）、一方でAdelaideは50％（オレンジ）だった。Adelaideは他の都市と比べてinstant coffeeを買う人の方がカフェに行く人の数より多かった（紫）。
Instant coffee proved to be more popular in Brisbane, with approximately 52% of residents opting for it, while 50% of Adelaide residents chose this option. Notably, Adelaide was unique in that buying instant coffee slightly surpassed visiting cafés in popularity.
ポイント
- 付帯状況のwithを使って数字を追加しました。数値の説明の表し方はこちら
- whileを使って対比表現をしました。
- イントロダクションパラグラフでexceptで表した例外（Adelaide）をここではunique inで表現しました。
ボディ２全体
In Brisbane and Adelaide, visiting cafés was less popular, with 55% and about 48% of residents, respectively, engaging in this activity. The percentage of individuals purchasing fresh coffee was also similar in these cities, both slightly below 35%. Instant coffee proved to be more popular in Brisbane, with approximately 52% of residents opting for it, while 50% of Adelaide residents chose this option. Notably, Adelaide was unique in that buying instant coffee slightly surpassed visiting cafés in popularity.
スタティック棒グラフ その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The bar chart illustrates the distribution of expenditure across five lifestyle categories in four countries in 2009. Overall, housing, food, and transportation constituted the largest portions of spending, while healthcare and clothing accounted for smaller shares, with notable variations between the countries.
Housing expenses were the highest across all countries, ranging from just over 20% in Canada to slightly more than a quarter in the United States. The United Kingdom and Japan fell between these extremes, at approximately 24% and 22%, respectively. Regarding food, Japan recorded the highest proportion at around 23%, followed by the United Kingdom at slightly over 20%. In contrast, food expenditure in Canada and the United States was significantly lower, at 15% and just under 13%, respectively. Transportation costs were highest in Canada, comprising one-fifth of total spending, which was double the proportion in Japan. In the United States and the United Kingdom, transportation accounted for 18% and 15%, respectively.
Healthcare expenditure was markedly higher in the United States, at nearly 8%, whereas all other countries allocated less than 5% to medical expenses. For clothing, the differences between countries were less pronounced. Canadians spent the most at 7%, followed by the United Kingdom at 6%, Japan at nearly 5%, and the United States at 4%, the lowest among the four nations.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The bar chart below shows shares of expenditures for five major categories in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in 2009.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The bar chart illustrates the distribution of expenditure across five lifestyle categories in four countries in 2009.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
housing, food, transportationがどこの国でも多くの割合を占め（オレンジ）、healthcare, clothingの割合は少ない（緑）。
Overall, housing, food, and transportation constituted the largest portions of spending, while healthcare and clothing accounted for smaller shares, with notable variations between the countries.
ポイント
- whileを使って対比表現をしました。Overallでの対比表現はこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The bar chart illustrates the distribution of expenditure across five lifestyle categories in four countries in 2009. Overall, housing, food, and transportation constituted the largest portions of spending, while healthcare and clothing accounted for smaller shares, with notable variations between the countries.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目＆２文目
Housingに関する出費は他の出費より多く、Canadaの20％強～United Statesの25％強の間で（オレンジ）、United KingdomとJapanはそれぞれ24％と22％（緑）でCandaとUnited Statesの間だった。
Housing expenses were the highest across all countries, ranging from just over 20% in Canada to slightly more than a quarter in the United States. The United Kingdom and Japan fell between these extremes, at approximately 24% and 22%, respectively.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目＆４文目
Foodへの出費に関しては、Japanが23％で最も多く次いでUnited Kingdomが約23％（オレンジ）だった。CanadaとUnited Statesはそれぞれ15％、13％を少し下回る値（緑）だった。
Regarding food, Japan recorded the highest proportion at around 23%, followed by the United Kingdom at slightly over 20%. In contrast, food expenditure in Canada and the United States was significantly lower, at 15% and just under 13%, respectively.
ポイント
ボディ１ ５文目
Transportationへの出費はCanadaで最も高く20％で日本（10％）の2倍（オレンジ）だった。United StatesとUnited Kingdomではそれぞれ18％と15％（緑）だった。
Transportation costs were highest in Canada, comprising one-fifth of total spending, which was double the proportion in Japan. In the United States and the United Kingdom, transportation accounted for 18% and 15%, respectively.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
Housing expenses were the highest across all countries, ranging from just over 20% in Canada to slightly more than a quarter in the United States. The United Kingdom and Japan fell between these extremes, at approximately 24% and 22%, respectively. Regarding food, Japan recorded the highest proportion at around 23%, followed by the United Kingdom at slightly over 20%. In contrast, food expenditure in Canada and the United States was significantly lower, at 15% and just under 13%, respectively. Transportation costs were highest in Canada, comprising one-fifth of total spending, which was double the proportion in Japan. In the United States and the United Kingdom, transportation accounted for 18% and 15%, respectively.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
Healthcareの出費はUnited Statesが他の国より高く8％を占め（オレンジ）、他の国は5％未満（緑）だった。
Healthcare expenditure was markedly higher in the United States, at nearly 8%, whereas all other countries allocated less than 5% to medical expenses.
ポイント
- 比較級（higher）を使ってUnited Statesと他の国を比較しました。比較級についてはこちら
- whereasを使ってUnited Statesと他の国を対比しました。
- Healthcare expenditureをmedical expensesにパラフレイズしました。
ボディ２ ２文目＆３文目
clothingに関しては他のカテゴリーほど国別の違いがない。Canada spentが一番多く7%, 次いでUnited Kingdomが6%, Japanが5%, United Statesは最も低く4%だった。
For clothing, the differences between countries were less pronounced. Canadians spent the most at 7%, followed by the United Kingdom at 6%, Japan at nearly 5%, and the United States at 4%, the lowest among the four nations.
ポイント
- Canadaに次いで（followed by）United Kingdomのように1番、2番、3番の表し方はこちら
ボディ２全体
Healthcare expenditure was markedly higher in the United States, at nearly 8%, whereas all other countries allocated less than 5% to medical expenses. For clothing, the differences between countries were less pronounced. Canadians spent the most at 7%, followed by the United Kingdom at 6%, Japan at nearly 5%, and the United States at 4%, the lowest among the four nations.
スタティック円グラフ その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The pie charts present the primary reasons for immigration to and emigration from the United Kingdom in 2007. Overall, immigration was predominantly motivated by work and study, whereas emigration was largely work-related, with study being a less common reason. The percentage of individuals accompanying others was comparable in both cases.
Work-related factors, including specific job offers or the search for employment, accounted for 42% of immigration and 51% of emigration. Approximately 30% of both immigrants and emigrants moved for defined jobs, although a notable disparity existed regarding job-seeking, with 12% of immigrants compared to 22% of emigrants citing this as their reason. Formal study attracted 26% of immigrants to the UK, a proportion nearly seven times greater than the 4% of emigrants who left the UK for education.
The proportion of individuals migrating to accompany others was similar, at 15% for immigrants and 13% for emigrants. Additionally, 6% of immigrants moved to the UK for unspecified reasons, compared to a significantly higher 18% of emigrants leaving without a specific reason. Other motives constituted a relatively small share, with 11% of immigration and 14% of emigration attributed to miscellaneous factors.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The charts below show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2007.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The pie charts present the primary reasons for immigration to and emigration from the United Kingdom in 2007.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
immigrationは主に仕事と勉強が目的（仕事関係：30％＋12％、勉強：15％）であるのに対してemigrationは主に仕事が目的（仕事関係：29％＋22％）で勉強（4％）は少ない。immigration（15％）もemigration（13％）もaccompanying others（結婚など）の割合は少ない。
Overall, immigration was predominantly motivated by work and study, whereas emigration was largely work-related, with study being a less common reason. The percentage of individuals accompanying others was comparable in both cases.
ポイント
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The pie charts present the primary reasons for immigration to and emigration from the United Kingdom in 2007. Overall, immigration was predominantly motivated by work and study, whereas emigration was largely work-related, with study being a less common reason. The percentage of individuals accompanying others was comparable in both cases.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
仕事に関係した理由（Defined jobとLooking for work）の合計はimmigrationで42％（30％＋12％）でemigrationで51％（29％＋22％）を占める。
Work-related factors, including specific job offers or the search for employment, accounted for 42% of immigration and 51% of emigration.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
immigrationもemigrationも約30%が特定の仕事のために移動し（オレンジ）、仕事を求めて移動した人の数にはimmigrationが12％、emigrationが22％と違い（緑）がある。
Approximately 30% of both immigrants and emigrants moved for defined jobs, although a notable disparity existed regarding job-seeking, with 12% of immigrants compared to 22% of emigrants citing this as their reason.
ポイント
- immigrationもemigrationをimmigrantsとemigrantsに変えて表現しました。
- 付帯状況のwithを使って情報を追加しました。数値の説明の表現方法はこちら
ボディ１ ３文目
勉強（Formal study）のために移動した人はimmigrationが26％でemigration（4％）の7倍近くだった。
Formal study attracted 26% of immigrants to the UK, a proportion nearly seven times greater than the 4% of emigrants who left the UK for education.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
Work-related factors, including specific job offers or the search for employment, accounted for 42% of immigration and 51% of emigration. Approximately 30% of both immigrants and emigrants moved for defined jobs, although a notable disparity existed regarding job-seeking, with 12% of immigrants compared to 22% of emigrants citing this as their reason. Formal study attracted 26% of immigrants to the UK, a proportion nearly seven times greater than the 4% of emigrants who left the UK for education.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
Accompany/join（結婚など）で移動した人はimmigrationで15％、emigrationで13％でほぼ同じ割合だった。
The proportion of individuals migrating to accompany others was similar, at 15% for immigrants and 13% for emigrants.
ポイント
- at を使って数値の説明を追加しました。数値の表現の方法はこちら
ボディ２ ２文目
No reason statedの割合はimmigrationで6％に対してemigrationでは高く18％だった。
Additionally, 6% of immigrants moved to the UK for unspecified reasons, compared to a significantly higher 18% of emigrants leaving without a specific reason.
ポイント
ボディ２ ３文目
Otherの理由の割合はimmigration 11%とemigration 14%でともに小さかった。
Other motives constituted a relatively small share, with 11% of immigration and 14% of emigration attributed to miscellaneous factors.
ポイント
- 付帯状況のwithを使って情報を追加しました。数値の説明の表現方法はこちら
- OtherをOther motivesとmiscellaneous factorsにパラフレイズしました。
ボディ２全体
The proportion of individuals migrating to accompany others was similar, at 15% for immigrants and 13% for emigrants. Additionally, 6% of immigrants moved to the UK for unspecified reasons, compared to a significantly higher 18% of emigrants leaving without a specific reason. Other motives constituted a relatively small share, with 11% of immigration and 14% of emigration attributed to miscellaneous factors.
スタティック円グラフ その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The two pie charts depict the primary reasons individuals commute to work by bicycle or car, expressed as percentages. Overall, the most significant factor for those cycling to work was health and environmental considerations, whereas car commuters primarily valued the comfort of travel. A small minority cited speed and safety as their reasons for choosing bicycles or cars, respectively.
For cyclists, health and environmental concerns dominated, with each accounting for 30% of responses. Parking convenience and cost savings were notable factors, representing 15% and 13% of cyclists, respectively. Only 12% of respondents chose bicycles for their time-saving advantage over cars.
Car users, on the other hand, highlighted comfort as the principal reason, accounting for 40% of responses. Distance to the workplace was the second most cited reason at just over a quarter. Both faster journey times and the need to transport luggage were tied at 14%. Safety considerations constituted the smallest share of reasons for car use, at 11%.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The charts below show the reasons for cycling and driving to work.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The two pie charts depict the primary reasons individuals commute to work by bicycle or car, expressed as percentages.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
cyclingで通勤する人の理由は主にHealth and fitness (30%)とLess pollution(30%)（オレンジ）で、drivingで通勤する人の理由は主にComfort (40%)（緑）だった。
Overall, the most significant factor for those cycling to work was health and environmental considerations, whereas car commuters primarily valued the comfort of travel.
ポイント
- Health and fitnessとLess pollutionをまとめてhealth and environmental considerationsにパラフレイズしました。Comfortは具体的にcomfort of travelにしました。
- whereasを使ってcyclingとdrivingの1番の理由を対比しました。Overallの対比表現はこちら
Overall ２文目
cyclingでFaster than driving(車より早い)を選んだ人（12％）とdrivingでSafer than cycling(自転車より安全)を選んだ人（11％）は少数だった。
A small minority cited speed and safety as their reasons for choosing bicycles or cars, respectively.
ポイント
- Overallでは具体的な数字は入れず少数（minority）や大多数（Majority）で表現
- それぞれ（respectively)を表す表現はこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The two pie charts depict the primary reasons individuals commute to work by bicycle or car, expressed as percentages. Overall, the most significant factor for those cycling to work was health and environmental considerations, whereas car commuters primarily valued the comfort of travel. A small minority cited speed and safety as their reasons for choosing bicycles or cars, respectively.
ボディ１
ボディ１ ２文目
cyclingの人の中でNo parking problemとNo costsを選んだ人の割合はそれぞれ15％と13％だった。
Parking convenience and cost savings were notable factors, representing 15% and 13% of cyclists, respectively.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
12％だけがcyclingの方が車より早い（Faster than driving）と回答した。
Only 12% of respondents chose bicycles for their time-saving advantage over cars.
ポイント
- Faster than drivingをtime-saving advantageにパラフレイズしました。
ボディ１全体
For cyclists, health and environmental concerns dominated, with each accounting for 30% of responses. Parking convenience and cost savings were notable factors, representing 15% and 13% of cyclists, respectively. Only 12% of respondents chose bicycles for their time-saving advantage over cars.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
drivingで通勤する人の40％はその理由をComfortと回答した。
Car users, on the other hand, highlighted comfort as the principal reason, accounting for 40% of responses.
ポイント
ボディ２ ３文目
Faster than cyclingとNeed to carry things to workの割合はそれぞれ14％だった。
Both faster journey times and the need to transport luggage were tied at 14%.
ポイント
- Faster than cyclingをfaster journey timesに、Need to carry things to workをneed to transport luggageに言い換えました。
ボディ２全体
Car users, on the other hand, highlighted comfort as the principal reason, accounting for 40% of responses. Distance to the workplace was the second most cited reason at just over a quarter. Both faster journey times and the need to transport luggage were tied at 14%. Safety considerations constituted the smallest share of reasons for car use, at 11%.
スタティック表 その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The table presents the salaries of teachers employed in secondary and high schools across five countries in 2009. Overall, teachers in Luxembourg consistently earned the highest salaries, though, as in Korea and Japan, it took a considerable number of years to reach the maximum pay scale. By contrast, achieving the top salary required significantly less time in Australia and Denmark.
In Luxembourg, teachers started their careers with a salary of £80,000, substantially higher than Denmark’s £47,000, which ranked second. The starting salaries in the remaining three countries were markedly lower, averaging around £30,000. The pattern was similar for average salaries, with Luxembourg again leading at £112,000, more than double the figures for the other countries, which ranged from £48,000 to £54,000.
Luxembourg also had the highest maximum salary at £139,000, followed by Korea at £84,500 and Japan at £62,400. However, achieving these figures required lengthy service, with teachers needing 37 years in Korea, 34 years in Japan, and 30 years in Luxembourg. In contrast, while the maximum salaries in Denmark (£54,000) and Australia (£48,000) were comparatively lower, teachers in these countries reached the top of the pay scale within just 8 and 9 years, respectively.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The charts below show the reasons for cycling and driving to work.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The table presents the salaries of teachers employed in secondary and high schools across five countries in 2009.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
LuxembourgのStartingとAverage salary per yearが他の国より高い（オレンジ）。しかしKoreaとJapanと同じようにLuxembourgではMaximumの給料を得るのに長い年数がかかる（緑）。
Overall, teachers in Luxembourg consistently earned the highest salaries, though, as in Korea and Japan, it took a considerable number of years to reach the maximum pay scale.
Overall ２文目
Maximumの給与を得るのにかかる年数はAustraliaとDenmarkでは他の国と比べて少ない。
By contrast, achieving the top salary required significantly less time in Australia and Denmark.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The table presents the salaries of teachers employed in secondary and high schools across five countries in 2009. Overall, teachers in Luxembourg consistently earned the highest salaries, though, as in Korea and Japan, it took a considerable number of years to reach the maximum pay scale. By contrast, achieving the top salary required significantly less time in Australia and Denmark.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
Luxembourgでは先生は£80,000で給与はスタートし、2番目のDenmarkの£47,000より相当高い（緑）。その他の3ヵ国のStarting salaryはLuxembourgとDenmarkより相当低く平均はだいたい£30,000くらいだった。
In Luxembourg, teachers started their careers with a salary of £80,000, substantially higher than Denmark’s £47,000, which ranked second. The starting salaries in the remaining three countries were markedly lower, averaging around £30,000.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
Average salary per yearもStarting salaryと同じようにLuxembourgが£112,000でもっと高く、他の国（ £48,000～£54,000）の2倍以上だった。
The pattern was similar for average salaries, with Luxembourg again leading at £112,000, more than double the figures for the other countries, which ranged from £48,000 to £54,000.
ポイント
ボディ１全体
In Luxembourg, teachers started their careers with a salary of £80,000, substantially higher than Denmark’s £47,000, which ranked second. The starting salaries in the remaining three countries were markedly lower, averaging around £30,000. The pattern was similar for average salaries, with Luxembourg again leading at £112,000, more than double the figures for the other countries, which ranged from £48,000 to £54,000.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
LuxembourgのMaximum salaryは£139,000で最も高く、次いでKoreaが£84,500、Japanが£62,400だった。
Luxembourg also had the highest maximum salary at £139,000, followed by Korea at £84,500 and Japan at £62,400.
ポイント
- followed byを使って1番、2番、3番を表示しました。順番の表し方はこちら
ボディ２ ２文目
Maximum salaryを得るのには長い年数かかり、Koreaで37年、Japanで34年、Luxembourgで30年だった。
However, achieving these figures required lengthy service, with teachers needing 37 years in Korea, 34 years in Japan, and 30 years in Luxembourg.
ポイント
ボディ２ ３文目
DenmarkとAustraliaではMaximum salaryは£54,000と£48,000で低いが、それぞれ8年、9年の年数で達することができる。
In contrast, while the maximum salaries in Denmark (£54,000) and Australia (£48,000) were comparatively lower, teachers in these countries reached the top of the pay scale within just 8 and 9 years, respectively.
ポイント
- whileを使った対比表現についてはこちら
- salaryをpay scaleにパラフレイズしました。
- それぞれ（respectively)を表す表現はこちら
ボディ２全体
Luxembourg also had the highest maximum salary at £139,000, followed by Korea at £84,500 and Japan at £62,400. However, achieving these figures required lengthy service, with teachers needing 37 years in Korea, 34 years in Japan, and 30 years in Luxembourg. In contrast, while the maximum salaries in Denmark (£54,000) and Australia (£48,000) were comparatively lower, teachers in these countries reached the top of the pay scale within just 8 and 9 years, respectively.
スタティック表 その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The table provides information on subway systems in six cities, detailing their year of establishment, route length, and annual passenger numbers. Overall, older underground networks tend to feature longer routes and accommodate more passengers. London boasts the oldest and longest system, while Tokyo leads in passenger numbers. Conversely, Kyoto has the shortest network, the most recent establishment date, and the fewest users.
London inaugurated its subway in 1863, with an extensive route length of 394 km, almost twice that of Paris, which opened its system in 1900 and spans 199 km. Tokyo followed in 1927, with a total route length of 155 km. Regarding passenger numbers, Tokyo dominates with 1,928 million riders annually, far surpassing Paris with 1,191 million and London with 775 million.
More recently, Washington D.C., Kyoto, and Los Angeles introduced their subway systems in 1976, 1981, and 2001, respectively. Washington D.C. features the largest network among these cities, with a route length of 126 km and an annual ridership of 144 million. Kyoto’s subway, in contrast, is the smallest at just 11 km and serves 45 million passengers annually. Similarly, Los Angeles operates a 28 km network with 50 million annual users.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The table below shows data about underground railway systems in six major cities with year opened, kilometres of route and passenger numbers per year.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The table provides information on subway systems in six cities, detailing their year of establishment, route length, and annual passenger numbers.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
全体の傾向として古い地下鉄ほど距離が長く多くの年間利用者がいる。
Overall, older underground networks tend to feature longer routes and accommodate more passengers.
ポイント
- 古ければ古いほど利用者が多い訳ではない（Londonの方が古いけどTokyoの方が利用者が多い）ですが、tend toを使って全体の傾向を書きました。
Overall ２文目
Londonは一番古く一番距離も長い（オレンジ）。Tokyoは利用者が一番多い（緑）。Kyotoは距離が一番短く利用者も一番少ない（紫）。
London boasts the oldest and longest system, while Tokyo leads in passenger numbers. Conversely, Kyoto has the shortest network, the most recent establishment date, and the fewest users.
ポイント
- whileやconverselyの対比表現を使いました。Overallでの対比表現はこちら
- 利用者（数）をpassenger numbersやusersにパラフレイズしました。
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The table provides information on subway systems in six cities, detailing their year of establishment, route length, and annual passenger numbers. Overall, older underground networks tend to feature longer routes and accommodate more passengers. London boasts the oldest and longest system, while Tokyo leads in passenger numbers. Conversely, Kyoto has the shortest network, the most recent establishment date, and the fewest users.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目&２文目
Londonの地下鉄は1863年に開業して、394㎞の長さがあり、それは1900年に開業して199㎞のParisの2倍の長さがある。Tokyoはその2つの都市に続いて1927年に開業して長さは155kmある。
London inaugurated its subway in 1863, with an extensive route length of 394 km, almost twice that of Paris, which opened its system in 1900 and spans 199 km. Tokyo followed in 1927, with a total route length of 155 km.
ポイント
ボディ１ ３文目
Tokyoは年間利用者が1,928 million（オレンジ）で、1,191 millionのParisと775 millionのLondon（緑）をはるかに上回っている。
Regarding passenger numbers, Tokyo dominates with 1,928 million riders annually, far surpassing Paris with 1,191 million and London with 775 million.
ポイント
- 利用者はイントロダクションパラグラフでpassengersやusersを使ったのでここではridersを使いました。
- 年間も表のper yearをannuallyにパラフレイズしました。
- 分詞構文（surpassing）を使って他の都市の情報を付け加えました。分詞構文ついてはこちら
ボディ１全体
London inaugurated its subway in 1863, with an extensive route length of 394 km, almost twice that of Paris, which opened its system in 1900 and spans 199 km. Tokyo followed in 1927, with a total route length of 155 km. Regarding passenger numbers, Tokyo dominates with 1,928 million riders annually, far surpassing Paris with 1,191 million and London with 775 million.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
比較的新しいWashington D.C., Kyoto, Los Angelesの地下鉄はそれぞれ1976年, 1981年, 2001年にできた,
More recently, Washington D.C., Kyoto, and Los Angeles introduced their subway systems in 1976, 1981, and 2001, respectively.
ポイント
- それぞれ（respectively)を表す表現はこちら
ボディ２ ２文目
Washington D.CはWashington D.C., Kyoto, Los Angelesの中では一番長く126 kmで年間利用者144 millionだった。
Washington D.C. features the largest network among these cities, with a route length of 126 km and an annual ridership of 144 million.
ポイント
- largest—amongで3都市の比較をしました。
- 付帯状況のwithを使って数値の説明を追加しました。付帯状況のwithについてはこちら
- 年間利用者を前の文でpassengers, users, ridersを使って書いたのでここではannual ridershipにパラフレイズしました。
ボディ２ ３文目＆４文目
Washington D.C., Kyoto, Los Angelesの中でKyotoの地鉄は一番短く11㎞で年間利用者は 45 million（オレンジ）だった。Los Angelesは28㎞で年間利用者は 50 million（緑）だった。
Kyoto‘s subway, in contrast, is the smallest at just 11 km and serves 45 million passengers annually. Similarly, Los Angeles operates a 28 km network with 50 million annual users.
ポイント
- Kyoto‘s—is, serves, operatesなど色々な書き方に換えてみました。
- 比較表現（in contrast）を入れてWashington D.Cにしました。比較表現についてはこちら
- 2文目でWashington D.C.をlargestで書いたのでLos Angelesはsmallestと書きました。
ボディ２全体
More recently, Washington D.C., Kyoto, and Los Angeles introduced their subway systems in 1976, 1981, and 2001, respectively. Washington D.C. features the largest network among these cities, with a route length of 126 km and an annual ridership of 144 million. Kyoto’s subway, in contrast, is the smallest at just 11 km and serves 45 million passengers annually. Similarly, Los Angeles operates a 28 km network with 50 million annual users.
地図 その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The map outlines proposed renovation plans for Southwest Airport, scheduled to be implemented next year. Overall, the redevelopment aims to increase the number of boarding gates, introduce additional amenities, and relocate some existing facilities for improved efficiency and passenger experience.
In the boarding area, the current rectangular layout with eight gates will be expanded into a Y-shaped design featuring 18 gates. The existing walkway will be replaced with a modern sky train to provide quicker access to the gates. Furthermore, new retail shops are added to open beyond the security and passport control zone. However, the departure and arrival entrances will remain in their current locations.
Before security and after customs, several changes are planned. In the departure zone, an additional entrance will be introduced, and the café will be relocated to a diagonally opposite position. A new bag-drop facility will replace the existing check-in counters, which will be moved to the opposite side of the area. In the arrivals section, after passport control and customs, a café and ATM will be added along one side of the building. Moreover, a new car hire service is planned, necessitating an expansion of the facility.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The plans below show the site of an airport now and how it will look after redevelopment next year.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The map outlines proposed renovation plans for Southwest Airport, scheduled to be implemented next year.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
Overall, the redevelopment aims to increase the number of boarding gates, introduce additional amenities, and relocate some existing facilities for improved efficiency and passenger experience.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The map outlines proposed renovation plans for Southwest Airport, scheduled to be implemented next year. Overall, the redevelopment aims to increase the number of boarding gates, introduce additional amenities, and relocate some existing facilities for improved efficiency and passenger experience.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
四角形の8つの搭乗ゲートがY字型の18の搭乗ゲートに拡大される予定。
In the boarding area, the current rectangular layout with eight gates will be expanded into a Y-shaped design featuring 18 gates.
- サイズが分かる表現（expanded）はこちら
ボディ１ ２文目
walkwayはsky trainになる予定。
The existing walkway will be replaced with a modern sky train to provide quicker access to the gates.
- 変わる・違う用途になる表現（replaced with）はこちら
ボディ１ ３文目
新しくshopsがSecurity passport controlの後に追加させる予定。
Furthermore, new retail shops are added to open beyond the security and passport control zone.
- 変わる・加わる（added）の表現はこちら
ボディ１ ４文目
Security passport control（出発）とPassport control customs（到着）は変わらない。
However, the departure and arrival entrances will remain in their current locations.
- 変わらない（remain）の表現はこちら
ボディ１全体
In the boarding area, the current rectangular layout with eight gates will be expanded into a Y-shaped design featuring 18 gates. The existing walkway will be replaced with a modern sky train to provide quicker access to the gates. Furthermore, new retail shops are added to open beyond the security and passport control zone. However, the departure and arrival entrances will remain in their current locations.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
Departure（出発）エリアの入り口が追加されて（オレンジ）、caféが対角線上の反対側に移った（緑）。
Before security and after customs, several changes are planned. In the departure zone, an additional entrance will be introduced, and the café will be relocated to a diagonally opposite position.
- 変わる・場所が変わる（relocated）の表現はこちら
ボディ２ ３文目
Arrival（到着）エリアにはcaféとATMが追加された。
In the arrivals section, after passport control and customs, a café and ATM will be added along one side of the building.
- 変わる・加わる（added）の表現はこちら
ボディ２ ４文目
Car hireが新しく予定されており、それには設備の拡大が必要の予定。
Moreover, a new car hire service is planned, necessitating an expansion of the facility.
ポイント
- 分詞構文（necessitating）を使って表現
ボディ２全体
Before security and after customs, several changes are planned. In the departure zone, an additional entrance will be introduced, and the café will be relocated to a diagonally opposite position. A new bag-drop facility will replace the existing check-in counters, which will be moved to the opposite side of the area. In the arrivals section, after passport control and customs, a café and ATM will be added along one side of the building. Moreover, a new car hire service is planned, necessitating an expansion of the facility.
地図 その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The maps illustrate the evolution of Porth Harbour from 2000 to the present. Overall, the harbour has undergone significant changes, including the expansion of docking spaces, the addition of new facilities, and a reconfiguration of its existing utilities.
Historically, the northern section of the harbour featured a single dock, situated below a public beach that extended further north. The beach remains unchanged, but a new dock serving passenger ferries has been introduced. To the south and west of the docks, there was previously a marina for private yachts, along with showers, toilets, and a car park connected to the main road running north to south. The only notable change in this area is the replacement of the marina with a harbour designated for fishing boats, which was previously located in the southwestern part of the harbour.
In the southwestern area, a new facility containing showers and toilets has been constructed on the north side of the car park, which now connects directly to the main road. These new amenities are situated adjacent to the former fishing boat harbour, which has now been replaced by the marina. On the eastern peninsula, new cafes and shops have been built next to the lifeboat station. Additionally, the castle at the furthest eastern point has been converted into a hotel, linked to the newly laid small road. The private beach to the south has been designated for exclusive use by hotel guests.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The plans below show a harbour in 2000 and how it looks today.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The maps illustrate the evolution of Porth Harbour from 2000 to the present.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
Overall, the harbour has undergone significant changes, including the expansion of docking spaces, the addition of new facilities, and a reconfiguration of its existing utilities.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The maps illustrate the evolution of Porth Harbour from 2000 to the present. Overall, the harbour has undergone significant changes, including the expansion of docking spaces, the addition of new facilities, and a reconfiguration of its existing utilities.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
以前はHarbourの北南側（地図の右上側）にDockが1つ北側に伸びるPublic beachの下側にあった。Public beachはそのままで、Dockはもう一つ増えた。
Historically, the northern section of the harbour featured a single dock, situated below a public beach that extended further north. The beach remains unchanged, but a new dock serving passenger ferries has been introduced.
- 変わらない（remain）の表現はこちら
ボディ１ ２文目
北西側（地図の左上側）はかつてはprivate yacht用のmarinaが、Showers&Toiletとmain roadにつながるCar parkに沿ってあった。
To the south and west of the docks, there was previously a marina for private yachts, along with showers, toilets, and a car park connected to the main road running north to south.
- 場所にある（there was ）の表現はこちら
ボディ１ ３文目
（2文目に続いて）北西側（地図の左上側）の変更点は、private yacht用のmarinaがかつては南側にあったFishing boats用のharbourになった。
The only notable change in this area is the replacement of the marina with a harbour designated for fishing boats, which was previously located in the southwestern part of the harbour.
- 変わる・違う用途になる（replacement — with）の表現はこちら
ボディ１全体
Historically, the northern section of the harbour featured a single dock, situated below a public beach that extended further north. The beach remains unchanged, but a new dock serving passenger ferries has been introduced. To the south and west of the docks, there was previously a marina for private yachts, along with showers, toilets, and a car park connected to the main road running north to south. The only notable change in this area is the replacement of the marina with a harbour designated for fishing boats, which was previously located in the southwestern part of the harbour.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
南西側（地図の左下側）ではShowers＆ToiletsがCar parkの北側に建設された(オレンジ)。駐車場はいまmain roadに直接つながっている（緑）。これらのShowers＆ToiletsとCar parkはMarina（むかしのFishing boat harbour）に沿って（紫）立っている。
In the southwestern area, a new facility containing showers and toilets has been constructed on the north side of the car park, which now connects directly to the main road. These new amenities are situated adjacent to the former fishing boat harbour, which has now been replaced by the marina.
ボディ２ ４文目
Public beachはホテルのゲスト用のPrivate beachになった。
The private beach to the south has been designated for exclusive use by hotel guests.
ボディ２全体
In the southwestern area, a new facility containing showers and toilets has been constructed on the north side of the car park, which now connects directly to the main road. These new amenities are situated adjacent to the former fishing boat harbour, which has now been replaced by the marina. On the eastern peninsula, new cafes and shops have been built next to the lifeboat station. Additionally, the castle at the furthest eastern point has been converted into a hotel, linked to the newly laid small road. The private beach to the south has been designated for exclusive use by hotel guests.
プロセス その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The diagram illustrates the process by which leather products are manufactured from animal skins for retail. Overall, this linear process consists of eleven stages, beginning with the transportation of raw materials to the factory, followed by their preparation and processing, and culminating in the production of consumer goods.
Initially, the leather skins, sourced from various animals, are dried before being transported to the factory. In the first stage, the skins are thoroughly washed with water and lime in a large container, after which the individual sheets are soaked in another container filled with lime. The skins are then pressed using a machine with rollers to flatten them.
Subsequently, the flattened skins are immersed in tannin, a liquid composed of water and vegetable matter. After soaking, the skins are polished with rolling equipment before being transferred by lorry to another factory, where they are fashioned into final leather products, such as bags, shoes, and balls.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The diagram details the process of making leather products.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The diagram illustrates the process by which leather products are manufactured from animal skins for retail.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
Overall, this linear process consists of eleven stages, beginning with the transportation of raw materials to the factory, followed by their preparation and processing, and culminating in the production of consumer goods.
- プロセスのOverallの流れの書き方はこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The diagram illustrates the process by which leather products are manufactured from animal skins for retail. Overall, this linear process consists of eleven stages, beginning with the transportation of raw materials to the factory, followed by their preparation and processing, and culminating in the production of consumer goods.
ボディ１
ボディ１ 2文目
工場での最初の段階では、皮はwater and limeが入った容器で洗われ、その次に皮はlimeの入った容器に1枚づつ入れられる。
In the first stage, the skins are thoroughly washed with water and lime in a large container, after which the individual sheets are soaked in another container filled with lime.
ボディ１ 3文目
皮はローラーがついた機械を使ってプレスされる。
The skins are then pressed using a machine with rollers to flatten them.
- 順番を表す単語（then）はこちら
ボディ１全体
Initially, the leather skins, sourced from various animals, are dried before being transported to the factory. In the first stage, the skins are thoroughly washed with water and lime in a large container, after which the individual sheets are soaked in another container filled with lime. The skins are then pressed using a machine with rollers to flatten them.
ボディ2
ボディ2 １文目
続いて、平たくなった皮はtannin(=water and vegetable matterのミックス)に浸される。
Subsequently, the flattened skins are immersed in tannin, a liquid composed of water and vegetable matter.
- 順番を表す単語（Subsequently）はこちら
- tannin, a liquid composed of water and vegetable matterは”,”同格でtanninの説明をしています。
ボディ2 １文目
（tannin）に浸された後は、皮はローラーの付いた機械で磨かれて、もう一つの工場に運ばれてそこでバックや靴、ボールなどの革製品が作られる。
After soaking, the skins are polished with rolling equipment before being transferred by lorry to another factory, where they are fashioned into final leather products, such as bags, shoes, and balls.
ボディ2全体
Subsequently, the flattened skins are immersed in tannin, a liquid composed of water and vegetable matter. After soaking, the skins are polished with rolling equipment before being transferred by lorry to another factory, where they are fashioned into final leather products, such as bags, shoes, and balls.
プロセス その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The diagram illustrates the process by which sugar is manufactured from sugar cane. Overall, the linear process consists of seven stages, starting with the cultivation of sugar cane plants and concluding with the production of edible sugar by drying and cooling the sugar crystals.
The first step involves growing the sugar cane, which takes between one and one and a half years to mature. Once fully grown, the cane is harvested either manually or mechanically. The manual method entails farmers cutting the stalks with an axe, while the mechanised method employs agricultural machinery to collect the plants in large quantities.
After harvesting, the cane is crushed using equipment to extract the juice, which is then purified through a limestone filter. The purified juice is subsequently boiled in an evaporation pot, where it condenses into syrup as it is heated. The syrup is then poured into a centrifuge, where the sugar crystals are separated from the syrup. Finally, the extracted sugar crystals are dried and cooled in a cylindrical container, resulting in the production of edible sugar.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The diagram below shows the manufacturing process for making sugar from sugar cane.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The diagram illustrates the process by which sugar is manufactured from sugar cane.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
このプロセスは7つのステップ（①～⑦：consists of seven stages）からなる線形的（linear process）なプロセス。
Overall, the linear process consists of seven stages, starting with the cultivation of sugar cane plants and concluding with the production of edible sugar by drying and cooling the sugar crystals.
- プロセスのlinearかcircularかについてはこちら
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The diagram illustrates the process by which sugar is manufactured from sugar cane. Overall, the linear process consists of seven stages, starting with the cultivation of sugar cane plants and concluding with the production of edible sugar by drying and cooling the sugar crystals.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
はじめにサトウキビ(sugar cane)が育てられ、それが育つのには1年～1年半かかる。
The first step involves growing the sugar cane, which takes between one and one and a half years to mature.
- 順番を表す単語（The first step）はこちら
- 12-18monthsをone and one and a half yearsにパラフレイズしました。
ボディ１ ２文目＆３文目
Once fully grown, the cane is harvested either manually or mechanically. The manual method entails farmers cutting the stalks with an axe, while the mechanised method employs agricultural machinery to collect the plants in large quantities.
ボディ１全体
The first step involves growing the sugar cane, which takes between one and one and a half years to mature. Once fully grown, the cane is harvested either manually or mechanically. The manual method entails farmers cutting the stalks with an axe, while the mechanised method employs agricultural machinery to collect the plants in large quantities.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
収穫の後にサトウキビは機械を使ってジュース状になり、limestone filterを使って濾される。
After harvesting, the cane is crushed using equipment to extract the juice, which is then purified through a limestone filter.
- 順番を表す単語（After）はこちら
ボディ２ ２文目
濾されたジュースはその次にポットで加熱されてシロップになる。
The purified juice is subsequently boiled in an evaporation pot, where it condenses into syrup as it is heated.
- 順番を表す単語（subsequently）はこちら
ボディ２ ３文目
シロップは遠心分離機（回転させて比重の違いで遠心力で分離させる装置）に注がれ、シロップと結晶が分離される。
The syrup is then poured into a centrifuge, where the sugar crystals are separated from the syrup.
- 順番を表す単語（then）はこちら
ボディ２ ４文目
最終的に、分離された砂糖の結晶はシリンダ状の容器で乾燥・冷却され、食用の砂糖ができる。
Finally, the extracted sugar crystals are dried and cooled in a cylindrical container, resulting in the production of edible sugar.
- 順番を表す単語（Finally）はこちら
ボディ２全体
After harvesting, the cane is crushed using equipment to extract the juice, which is then purified through a limestone filter. The purified juice is subsequently boiled in an evaporation pot, where it condenses into syrup as it is heated. The syrup is then poured into a centrifuge, where the sugar crystals are separated from the syrup. Finally, the extracted sugar crystals are dried and cooled in a cylindrical container, resulting in the production of edible sugar.
グラフ/表コンビネーション その１
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The pie chart illustrates the post-graduation activities of students who completed an anthropology course at a university, while the table details their income five years later, based on the type of employment. Overall, the majority of graduates secured full-time employment, with those working as freelancers or in the government sector earning higher salaries.
Regarding employment types, just over half of the graduates (52%) took up full-time positions, which represented the largest proportion, followed by part-time employment at 15%. A small proportion of students opted to pursue further education, with 8% fully dedicating themselves to postgraduate studies, while 5% combined their studies with part-time work. Meanwhile, 12% of students were unemployed.
In terms of salaries, graduates working as freelance consultants or in government roles earned notably higher incomes. A substantial 80% of these individuals earned more than $75,000, with half of those in government positions earning over $100,000. In contrast, only 55% of those employed in the private sector earned at least $75,000. Furthermore, only 5% of individuals in freelance or government positions fell within the lowest salary bracket of $25,000 to $49,999, compared to 10% of those employed in the private sector.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The chart below shows what Anthropology graduates from one university did after finishing their undergraduate degree course. The table shows the salaries of the anthropologists in work after five years.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The pie chart illustrates the post-graduation activities of students who completed an anthropology course at a university, while the table details their income five years later, based on the type of employment.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
Overall 1文目
全体の傾向としては、円グラフから半数以上（majority）がFull-time workを選択し、表からFreelance consultantsとGovernment sectorで働いた卒業生が比較的高い給与を得ている。
Overall, the majority of graduates secured full-time employment, with those working as freelancers or in the government sector earning higher salaries.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The pie chart illustrates the post-graduation activities of students who completed an anthropology course at a university, while the table details their income five years later, based on the type of employment. Overall, the majority of graduates secured full-time employment, with those working as freelancers or in the government sector earning higher salaries.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
半分ちょっと（52％）の卒業生はFull-time workを選択した。Full-time workの割合が一番多く、次いでPart-time workの15％だった。
Regarding employment types, just over half of the graduates (52%) took up full-time positions, which represented the largest proportion, followed by part-time employment at 15%.
ポイント
ボディ１ ２文目
少数の割合の卒業生がさらに勉強することを選択して、Full-time postgrad studyを選んだ卒業生は8％、Part-time work + postgrad studyを選んだ卒業生は5％だった。
A small proportion of students opted to pursue further education, with 8% fully dedicating themselves to postgraduate studies, while 5% combined their studies with part-time work.
ポイント
- 付帯状況のwithを使って数値の説明を追加しました。数値の説明の追加はこちら
- whileを使った対比表現を書きました。
ボディ１ ３文目
12％が雇用されなかった。
Meanwhile, 12% of students were unemployed.
ボディ１全体
Regarding employment types, just over half of the graduates (52%) took up full-time positions, which represented the largest proportion, followed by part-time employment at 15%. A small proportion of students opted to pursue further education, with 8% fully dedicating themselves to postgraduate studies, while 5% combined their studies with part-time work. Meanwhile, 12% of students were unemployed.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目
全体の傾向として、卒業後にFreelance consultantsとGovernment sectorで働いている人の方が収入が高いことが分かります。
In terms of salaries, graduates working as freelance consultants or in government roles earned notably higher incomes.
ポイント
- ボディ１はRegardingを使って円ブラフについて書くことを表しましたので、ここではIn terms ofを使って表について書いていること先に書きました。
- salariesをincomesにパラフレイズしました。また、表のGovernment sectorもgovernment rolesにパラフレイズしました。
ボディ２ ２文目
Freelance consultantsとGovernment sectorで＄75,000-＄99,999と＄100,000の割合の合計（＝＄75,000以上の所得がある人の割合）は80％（オレンジ）で、Government sectorは半分（50％）が$100,000以上（赤）だった。一方で、Private companyで働いた卒業生で$75,000以上所得があった人は55％（25％＋30％）（緑）だった。
A substantial 80% of these individuals earned more than $75,000, with half of those in government positions earning over $100,000. In contrast, only 55% of those employed in the private sector earned at least $75,000.
ポイント
- 付帯状況のwithを使って数値の説明を追加しました。数値の説明の追加はこちら
- Government sectorをgovernment positionsにパラフレイズしました。またPrivate companyをprivate sectorにパラフレイズしました。
- Freelance consultants, Government sectorとPrivate companyをIn contrastを使って対比させました。
ボディ２ ３文目
Freelance consultantsとGovernment sectorで働いている卒業生は$25,000-$49,999の割合が5％（オレンジ）だったのに対して、Private companyでは10％（緑）だった。
Furthermore, only 5% of individuals in freelance or government positions fell within the lowest salary bracket of $25,000 to $49,999, compared to 10% of those employed in the private sector.
ポイント
- Freelance consultants, Government sectorとPrivate companyをcompared toを使って対比させました。2文目でIn contrastを使ったのでここではcompared toにしました。
ボディ２全体
In terms of salaries, graduates working as freelance consultants or in government roles earned notably higher incomes. A substantial 80% of these individuals earned more than $75,000, with half of those in government positions earning over $100,000. In contrast, only 55% of those employed in the private sector earned at least $75,000. Furthermore, only 5% of individuals in freelance or government positions fell within the lowest salary bracket of $25,000 to $49,999, compared to 10% of those employed in the private sector.
グラフ/表コンビネーション その２
サンプル回答＆ポイント解説
サンプル回答
The table and two pie charts compare the number of visitors to Ashdown Museum in the year before and the year after its refurbishment, as well as the levels of visitor satisfaction during these periods. Overall, both visitor numbers and satisfaction increased following the renovation.
According to the table, the annual number of visitors saw a significant rise after the refurbishment, increasing from 74,000 to 92,000.
The pie charts clearly demonstrate that visitors were more satisfied after the renovation. In the year following the refurbishment, three-quarters of respondents reported being either “very satisfied” or “satisfied,” compared to only 45% in the year prior. Notably, just over a third of visitors in the post-renovation period selected the highest rating, “very satisfied,” whereas only 15% had done so before the improvement. Conversely, the proportion of visitors who rated their experience as “dissatisfied” was highest in the year before the refurbishment, at 40%. After the renovation, this figure dropped significantly to just 15%, while the percentage of those who were “very dissatisfied” halved to 5%. The proportion of respondents who did not provide a response remained unchanged at 5%.
ポイント解説
イントロダクション
1文目：問題文のパラフレイズ
- 問題文のパラフレイズについてはこちら
（問題文）The table below shows the numbers of visitors to Ashdown Museum during the year before and the year after it was refurbished. The charts show the result of surveys asking visitors how satisfied they were with their visit, during the same two periods.
⇓ ⇓ ⇓
（パラフレイズ）The table and two pie charts compare the number of visitors to Ashdown Museum in the year before and the year after its refurbishment, as well as the levels of visitor satisfaction during these periods.
2文目：Overall
- Overallについてはこちら
全体の傾向として、改修によって入場者数が増えて、Very satisfiedとSatisfiedと答えた人の割合が増えた。
Overall, both visitor numbers and satisfaction increased following the renovation.
イントロダクションパラグラフ全体
The table and two pie charts compare the number of visitors to Ashdown Museum in the year before and the year after its refurbishment, as well as the levels of visitor satisfaction during these periods. Overall, both visitor numbers and satisfaction increased following the renovation.
ボディ１
ボディ１ １文目
表を見ると、改修によって美術館の入場者が74,000人から92,000人に増えました。
According to the table, the annual number of visitors saw a significant rise after the refurbishment, increasing from 74,000 to 92,000.
ポイント
- 表と円グラフのどちらについて書いているのか明記するためにAccording toを使って円グラフについて書いていること先に書きました。
- 改修前の年と後の年を表すのにannualを使いました。
- イントロダクションパラグラフでincreasedを使ったのでここではsaw ariseを使いました。上がる/増えるの表現はこちら
ボディ１全体
According to the table, the annual number of visitors saw a significant rise after the refurbishment, increasing from 74,000 to 92,000.
ボディ２
ボディ２ １文目＆２文目
円グラフは入場者が回収に満足していること表している。改修後は75％（35％＋40％）が”very satisfied”か”satisfied”（オレンジ）と回答しているのに対し、改修前は45％（15％＋30％）（緑）だった。
The pie charts clearly demonstrate that visitors were more satisfied after the renovation. In the year following the refurbishment, three-quarters of respondents reported being either “very satisfied” or “satisfied”, compared to only 45% in the year prior.
ポイント
- after refurbishmentをfollowing the refurbishmentにパラフレイズしました。
- 75％を3/4（three-quarters）で表しました。何分の1の表現はこちら
- 改修前と後をcompared toを使って対比表現しました。
ボディ２ ３文目
“very satisfied”と回答したのは改修前35％だったのに対して改修前は15％だった。
Notably, just over a third of visitors in the post-renovation period selected the highest rating, “very satisfied”, whereas only 15% had done so before the improvement.
ポイント
ボディ２ ４文目
（満足の回答とは）対照的に、改修前は“dissatisfied”と回答した人が最も多く40%だったのが改修後はこれが15％（オレンジ）になった。“very dissatisfied”と答えた人は10％から5％に半減（緑）した。
Conversely, the proportion of visitors who rated their experience as “dissatisfied” was highest in the year before the refurbishment, at 40%. After the renovation, this figure dropped significantly to just 15%, while the percentage of those who were “very dissatisfied” halved to 5%.
ポイント
ボディ２全体
The pie charts clearly demonstrate that visitors were more satisfied after the renovation. In the year following the refurbishment, three-quarters of respondents reported being either “very satisfied” or “satisfied,” compared to only 45% in the year prior. Notably, just over a third of visitors in the post-renovation period selected the highest rating, “very satisfied”, whereas only 15% had done so before the improvement. Conversely, the proportion of visitors who rated their experience as “dissatisfied” was highest in the year before the refurbishment, at 40%. After the renovation, this figure dropped significantly to just 15%, while the percentage of those who were “very dissatisfied” halved to 5%. The proportion of respondents who did not provide a response remained unchanged at 5%.
